2022-09-05 09:30 清华大学 Java 发布于湖南

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Apache HttpClient 5 使用详细教程

超文本传输协议（HTTP）可能是当今互联网上最重要的协议之一，Web 服务、微服务以及支持网络的各种设备上的服务几乎都是 HTTP 协议，HTTP 协议已经从 Web 浏览器走向了更广泛的使用场景。

虽然 java.net 包已经提供了 HTTP 访问资源的基本功能，但是它不够灵活，而且不能随心所欲的进行自定义。Apache HttpClient 5 是一个开源的 HTTP 工具包，可以支持最新 HTTP 协议标准，且有丰富的 API 和强大的扩展特性，可以用于构建任何需要进行 HTTP 协议处理的应用程序。

这篇文章介绍 Apache HttpClient 5 中最为常见的一些用法，通过这篇文章可以快速的入门使用 HttpClient 5，主要内容包括 HttpClient 5 的 Get 请求、Post 请求、如何携带参数、JSON 参数、设置超时、异步请求、操作 Cookie、表单登录、基本认证、Digest 认证以及自定义 HTTP 请求拦截器等。

HttpClient 5 依赖

HttpClient 5 Maven 依赖

<!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.apache.httpcomponents.client5/httpclient5 --> <dependency> <groupId>org.apache.httpcomponents.client5</groupId> <artifactId>httpclient5</artifactId> <version>5.1.3</version> </dependency> <!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.apache.httpcomponents.client5/httpclient5-fluent --> <dependency> <groupId>org.apache.httpcomponents.client5</groupId> <artifactId>httpclient5-fluent</artifactId> <version>5.1.3</version> </dependency>

HttpClient 5 Gradle 依赖

implementation 'org.apache.httpcomponents.client5:httpclient5:5.1.3' implementation 'org.apache.httpcomponents.client5:httpclient5-fluent:5.1.3'

HttpClient 5 GET 请求

package com.wdbyte.httpclient; import java.io.IOException; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.classic.methods.HttpGet; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.impl.classic.CloseableHttpClient; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.impl.classic.CloseableHttpResponse; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.impl.classic.HttpClients; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.HttpEntity; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.ParseException; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.io.entity.EntityUtils; /**
 * @author https://www.wdbyte.com
 */ public class HttpClient5Get { public static void main(String[] args) {
        String result = get("http://httpbin.org/get");
        System.out.println(result);
    } public static String get(String url) {
        String resultContent = null;
        HttpGet httpGet = new HttpGet(url); try (CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault()) { try (CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httpGet)) { // 获取状态码 System.out.println(response.getVersion()); // HTTP/1.1 System.out.println(response.getCode()); // 200 System.out.println(response.getReasonPhrase()); // OK HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity(); // 获取响应信息 resultContent = EntityUtils.toString(entity);
            }
        } catch (IOException | ParseException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } return resultContent;
    }

}

响应信息：

HTTP/1.1
200
OK
{ "args": {}, "headers": { "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, x-gzip, deflate", "Host": "httpbin.org", "User-Agent": "Apache-HttpClient/5.1.3 (Java/17)", "X-Amzn-Trace-Id": "Root=1-62bb1891-5ab5e5376ed960471bf32f17" }, "origin": "47.251.4.198", "url": "http://httpbin.org/get" }

HttpClient 5 Fluent GET

使用 Apache HttpClient 5 提供的 Fluent API 可以更便捷的发起 GET 请求，但是可操作的地方较少。

依赖：

<!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.apache.httpcomponents.client5/httpclient5-fluent --> <dependency> <groupId>org.apache.httpcomponents.client5</groupId> <artifactId>httpclient5-fluent</artifactId> <version>5.1.3</version> </dependency>

示例：

package com.wdbyte.httpclient; import java.io.IOException; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.fluent.Request; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.fluent.Response; /**
* @author https://www.wdbyte.com
 */ public class HttpClient5GetFluent { public static void main(String[] args) {
        System.out.println(get("http://httpbin.org/get"));
    } public static String get(String url) {
        String result = null; try {
            Response response = Request.get(url).execute();
            result = response.returnContent().asString();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } return result;
    }

}

输出信息：

{ "args": {}, "headers": { "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, x-gzip, deflate", "Host": "httpbin.org", "User-Agent": "Apache-HttpClient/5.1.3 (Java/17)", "X-Amzn-Trace-Id": "Root=1-62bb190e-1ba46a92645843a04c55da32" }, "origin": "47.251.4.198", "url": "http://httpbin.org/get" }

HttpClient5 GET 请求参数

使用 URIBuilder 的 addParameters() 方法来构建 GET 请求的参数。

package com.wdbyte.httpclient; import java.io.IOException; import java.net.URI; import java.net.URISyntaxException; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.List; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.classic.methods.HttpGet; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.impl.classic.CloseableHttpClient; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.impl.classic.CloseableHttpResponse; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.impl.classic.HttpClients; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.HttpEntity; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.NameValuePair; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.ParseException; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.io.entity.EntityUtils; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.message.BasicNameValuePair; import org.apache.hc.core5.net.URIBuilder; /**
* @author https://www.wdbyte.com
 */ public class HttpClient5GetParams { public static void main(String[] args) {
        String result = get("http://httpbin.org/get");
        System.out.println(result);
    } public static String get(String url) {
        String resultContent = null;
        HttpGet httpGet = new HttpGet(url); // 表单参数 List<NameValuePair> nvps = new ArrayList<>(); // GET 请求参数 nvps.add(new BasicNameValuePair("username", "wdbyte.com"));
        nvps.add(new BasicNameValuePair("password", "secret")); // 增加到请求 URL 中 try {
            URI uri = new URIBuilder(new URI(url))
                .addParameters(nvps)
                .build();
            httpGet.setUri(uri);
        } catch (URISyntaxException e) { throw new RuntimeException(e);
        } try (CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault()) { try (CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httpGet)) { // 获取状态码 System.out.println(response.getVersion()); // HTTP/1.1 System.out.println(response.getCode()); // 200 System.out.println(response.getReasonPhrase()); // OK HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity(); // 获取响应信息 resultContent = EntityUtils.toString(entity);
            }
        } catch (IOException | ParseException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } return resultContent;
    }
}

输出信息：

{ "args": { "password": "secret", "username": "wdbyte.com" }, "headers": { "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, x-gzip, deflate", "Host": "httpbin.org", "User-Agent": "Apache-HttpClient/5.1.3 (Java/1.8.0_151)", "X-Amzn-Trace-Id": "Root=1-62ecc660-69d58a226aefb1b6226541ec" }, "origin": "42.120.75.185", "url": "http://httpbin.org/get?username=wdbyte.com&password=secret" }

下面是通过抓包得到的请求响应信息格式：

// 请求信息 GET /get?username=wdbyte.com&password=secret HTTP/1.1 Accept-Encoding: gzip, x-gzip, deflate
Host: httpbin.org
Connection: keep-alive
User-Agent: Apache-HttpClient/5.1.3 (Java/1.8.0_151) // 响应信息 HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Fri, 05 Aug 2022 07:27:30 GMT
Content-Type: application/json
Content-Length: 405 Connection: keep-alive
Server: gunicorn/19.9.0 Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true { "args": { "password": "secret", "username": "wdbyte.com" }, "headers": { "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, x-gzip, deflate", "Host": "httpbin.org", "User-Agent": "Apache-HttpClient/5.1.3 (Java/1.8.0_151)", "X-Amzn-Trace-Id": "Root=1-62ecc660-69d58a226aefb1b6226541ec" }, "origin": "42.120.75.185", "url": "http://httpbin.org/get?username=wdbyte.com&password=secret" }

HttpClient 5 POST 请求

下面演示发起一个 POST 请求，并携带表单参数。

参数：username=wdbyte.com&password=secret

package com.wdbyte.httpclient; import java.io.IOException; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.List; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.classic.methods.HttpPost; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.entity.UrlEncodedFormEntity; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.impl.classic.CloseableHttpClient; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.impl.classic.CloseableHttpResponse; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.impl.classic.HttpClients; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.HttpEntity; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.NameValuePair; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.ParseException; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.io.entity.EntityUtils; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.message.BasicNameValuePair; /**
* @author https://www.wdbyte.com
 */ public class HttpClient5Post { public static void main(String[] args) {
        String result = post("http://httpbin.org/post");
        System.out.println(result);
    } public static String post(String url) {
        String result = null;
        HttpPost httpPost = new HttpPost(url); // 表单参数 List<NameValuePair> nvps = new ArrayList<>(); // POST 请求参数 nvps.add(new BasicNameValuePair("username", "wdbyte.com"));
        nvps.add(new BasicNameValuePair("password", "secret"));
        httpPost.setEntity(new UrlEncodedFormEntity(nvps)); try (CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault()) { try (CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httpPost)) {
                System.out.println(response.getVersion()); // HTTP/1.1 System.out.println(response.getCode()); // 200 System.out.println(response.getReasonPhrase()); // OK HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity(); // 获取响应信息 result = EntityUtils.toString(entity); // 确保流被完全消费 EntityUtils.consume(entity);
            }
        } catch (IOException | ParseException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } return result;
    }

}

输出信息：

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
{ "args": {}, "data": "", "files": {}, "form": { "password": "secret", "username": "wdbyte.com" }, "headers": { "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, x-gzip, deflate", "Content-Length": "35", "Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=ISO-8859-1", "Host": "httpbin.org", "User-Agent": "Apache-HttpClient/5.1.3 (Java/17)", "X-Amzn-Trace-Id": "Root=1-62bb1ac8-489b2100728c81d70797a482" }, "json": null, "origin": "183.128.136.89", "url": "http://httpbin.org/post" }

下面是通过 Wireshark 抓包得到的请求信息：

POST /post HTTP/1.1
Accept-Encoding: gzip, x-gzip, deflate
Content-Length: 35
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=ISO-8859-1
Host: httpbin.org
Connection: keep-alive
User-Agent: Apache-HttpClient/5.1.3 (Java/17)

username=wdbyte.com&password=secret

HttpClient 5 Fluent POST

使用 Apache HttpClient 5 提供的 Fluent API 可以更便捷的发起 POST 请求，但是可操作的地方较少。

一样发送一个简单的表单参数：username=wdbyte.com&password=secret

package com.wdbyte.httpclient; import java.io.IOException; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.fluent.Request; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.message.BasicNameValuePair; /**
* @author https://www.wdbyte.com
 */ public class HttpClient5PostFluent { public static void main(String[] args) {
        String result = post("http://httpbin.org/post");
        System.out.println(result);
    } public static String post(String url) {
        String result = null;
        Request request = Request.post(url); // POST 请求参数 request.bodyForm( new BasicNameValuePair("username", "wdbyte.com"), new BasicNameValuePair("password", "secret")); try {
            result = request.execute().returnContent().asString();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } return result;
    }
}

输出信息：

{ "args": {}, "data": "", "files": {}, "form": { "password": "secret", "username": "wdbyte.com" }, "headers": { "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, x-gzip, deflate", "Content-Length": "35", "Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=ISO-8859-1", "Host": "httpbin.org", "User-Agent": "Apache-HttpClient/5.1.3 (Java/17)", "X-Amzn-Trace-Id": "Root=1-62bb1c8a-7aee8c004f06919f31a2b533" }, "json": null, "origin": "183.128.136.89", "url": "http://httpbin.org/post" }

HttpClient5 POST JSON 参数

使用 StringEntity 类存入 JSON 参数。

package com.wdbyte.httpclient; import java.io.IOException; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.classic.methods.HttpPost; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.impl.classic.CloseableHttpClient; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.impl.classic.CloseableHttpResponse; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.impl.classic.HttpClients; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.ParseException; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.io.entity.EntityUtils; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.io.entity.StringEntity; /**
* @author https://www.wdbyte.com
 */ public class HttpClient5PostWithJson {

    public static void main(String[] args) { String json = "{" + "    \"password\": \"secret\"," + "    \"username\": \"wdbyte.com\"" + "}"; String result = post("http://httpbin.org/post", json);
        System.out.println(result);
    }

    public static String post(String url, String jsonBody) { String result = null;
        HttpPost httpPost = new HttpPost(url);
        httpPost.setEntity(new StringEntity(jsonBody, ContentType.APPLICATION_JSON)); try (CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault()) { try (CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httpPost)) { // 获取响应信息 result = EntityUtils.toString(response.getEntity());
            }
        } catch (IOException | ParseException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } return result;
    }

}

输出信息：

{ "args": {}, "data": "{    \"password\": \"secret\",    \"username\": \"wdbyte.com\"}", "files": {}, "form": {}, "headers": { "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, x-gzip, deflate", "Content-Length": "55", "Content-Type": "text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1", "Host": "httpbin.org", "User-Agent": "Apache-HttpClient/5.1.3 (Java/17)", "X-Amzn-Trace-Id": "Root=1-62bb1dbb-5a963c1d798b06be3ee1a15e" }, "json": { "password": "secret", "username": "wdbyte.com" }, "origin": "183.128.136.89", "url": "http://httpbin.org/post" }

下面是通过 Wireshark 抓包得到的请求响应信息：

// 请求信息 POST /post HTTP/1.1 Accept-Encoding: gzip, x-gzip, deflate
Content-Length: 55 Content-Type: application/json; charset=UTF-8 Host: httpbin.org
Connection: keep-alive
User-Agent: Apache-HttpClient/5.1.3 (Java/17)

{ "password": "secret", "username": "wdbyte.com"} // 响应信息 HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Tue, 28 Jun 2022 15:30:17 GMT
Content-Type: application/json
Content-Length: 573 Connection: keep-alive
Server: gunicorn/19.9.0 Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true { "args": {}, "data": "{    \"password\": \"secret\",    \"username\": \"wdbyte.com\"}", "files": {}, "form": {}, "headers": { "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, x-gzip, deflate", "Content-Length": "55", "Content-Type": "application/json; charset=UTF-8", "Host": "httpbin.org", "User-Agent": "Apache-HttpClient/5.1.3 (Java/17)", "X-Amzn-Trace-Id": "Root=1-62bb1e89-64db55730a0361c720232ccd" }, "json": { "password": "secret", "username": "wdbyte.com" }, "origin": "183.128.136.89", "url": "http://httpbin.org/post" }

HttpClient 5 设置超时

使用 RequestConfig 对象来配置超时时间。

package com.wdbyte.httpclient; import java.io.IOException; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.classic.methods.HttpGet; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.config.RequestConfig; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.impl.classic.CloseableHttpClient; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.impl.classic.CloseableHttpResponse; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.impl.classic.HttpClients; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.HttpEntity; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.ParseException; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.io.entity.EntityUtils; import org.apache.hc.core5.util.Timeout; /**
* @author https://www.wdbyte.com
 */ public class HttpClient5GetWithTimeout { public static void main(String[] args) {
        String result = get("http://httpbin.org/get");
        System.out.println(result);
    } public static String get(String url) {
        String resultContent = null; // 设置超时时间 RequestConfig config = RequestConfig.custom()
            .setConnectTimeout(Timeout.ofMilliseconds(5000L))
            .setConnectionRequestTimeout(Timeout.ofMilliseconds(5000L))
            .setResponseTimeout(Timeout.ofMilliseconds(5000L))
            .build(); // 请求级别的超时 HttpGet httpGet = new HttpGet(url); //httpGet.setConfig(config); //try (CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault()) { // 客户端级别的超时 try (CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.custom().setDefaultRequestConfig(config).build()) { try (CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httpGet)) { // 获取状态码 System.out.println(response.getVersion()); // HTTP/1.1 System.out.println(response.getCode()); // 200 System.out.println(response.getReasonPhrase()); // OK HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity(); // 获取响应信息 resultContent = EntityUtils.toString(entity);
            }
        } catch (IOException | ParseException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } return resultContent;
    }

}

HttpClient 5 异步请求

下面演示三种 HttpClient 5 异步请求方式。

package com.wdbyte.httpclient; import java.io.IOException; import java.nio.CharBuffer; import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch; import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException; import java.util.concurrent.Future; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.async.methods.AbstractCharResponseConsumer; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.async.methods.SimpleHttpRequest; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.async.methods.SimpleHttpRequests; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.async.methods.SimpleHttpResponse; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.impl.async.CloseableHttpAsyncClient; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.impl.async.HttpAsyncClients; import org.apache.hc.core5.concurrent.FutureCallback; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.ContentType; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.HttpException; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.HttpResponse; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.nio.AsyncRequestProducer; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.nio.support.AsyncRequestBuilder; /**
 * HttpClient 5 异步请求
* @author https://www.wdbyte.com
 * @date 2022/06/25
 */ public class HttpClient5Async { public static void main(String[] args) {
        getAsync1("http://httpbin.org/get");
        getAsync2("http://httpbin.org/get");
        getAsync3("http://httpbin.org/get");
    } /**
     * 异步请求
     *
     * @param url
     * @return */ public static String getAsync1(String url) { try (CloseableHttpAsyncClient httpclient = HttpAsyncClients.createDefault()) { // 开始 http clinet httpclient.start(); // 执行请求 SimpleHttpRequest request1 = SimpleHttpRequests.get(url);
            Future<SimpleHttpResponse> future = httpclient.execute(request1, null); // 等待直到返回完毕 SimpleHttpResponse response1 = future.get();
            System.out.println("getAsync1:" + request1.getRequestUri() + "->" + response1.getCode());
        } catch (IOException | ExecutionException | InterruptedException e) { throw new RuntimeException(e);
        } return null;
    } /**
     * 异步请求，根据响应情况回调
     *
     * @param url
     * @return */ public static String getAsync2(String url) { try (CloseableHttpAsyncClient httpclient = HttpAsyncClients.createDefault()) { // 开始 http clinet httpclient.start(); // 根据请求响应情况进行回调操作 CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
            SimpleHttpRequest request = SimpleHttpRequests.get(url);
            httpclient.execute(request, new FutureCallback<SimpleHttpResponse>() { @Override public void completed(SimpleHttpResponse response2) {
                    latch.countDown();
                    System.out.println("getAsync2:" + request.getRequestUri() + "->" + response2.getCode());
                } @Override public void failed(Exception ex) {
                    latch.countDown();
                    System.out.println("getAsync2:" + request.getRequestUri() + "->" + ex);
                } @Override public void cancelled() {
                    latch.countDown();
                    System.out.println("getAsync2:" + request.getRequestUri() + " cancelled");
                }

            });
            latch.await();
        } catch (IOException | InterruptedException e) { throw new RuntimeException(e);
        } return null;
    } /**
     * 异步请求，对响应流做点什么
     *
     * @param url
     * @return */ public static String getAsync3(String url) { try (CloseableHttpAsyncClient httpclient = HttpAsyncClients.createDefault()) { // 开始 http clinet httpclient.start(); // 根据请求响应情况进行回调操作 SimpleHttpRequest request = SimpleHttpRequests.get(url);

            CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
            AsyncRequestProducer producer = AsyncRequestBuilder.get("http://httpbin.org/get").build();
            AbstractCharResponseConsumer<HttpResponse> consumer3 = new AbstractCharResponseConsumer<HttpResponse>() {

                HttpResponse response; @Override protected void start(HttpResponse response, ContentType contentType) throws HttpException, IOException {
                    System.out.println("getAsync3: 开始响应...."); this.response = response;
                } @Override protected int capacityIncrement() { return Integer.MAX_VALUE;
                } @Override protected void data(CharBuffer data, boolean endOfStream) throws IOException {
                    System.out.println("getAsync3: 收到数据...."); // Do something useful } @Override protected HttpResponse buildResult() throws IOException {
                    System.out.println("getAsync3: 接收完毕..."); return response;
                } @Override public void releaseResources() {
                }

            };
            httpclient.execute(producer, consumer3, new FutureCallback<HttpResponse>() { @Override public void completed(HttpResponse response) {
                    latch.countDown();
                    System.out.println("getAsync3: "+request.getRequestUri() + "->" + response.getCode());
                } @Override public void failed(Exception ex) {
                    latch.countDown();
                    System.out.println("getAsync3: "+request.getRequestUri() + "->" + ex);
                } @Override public void cancelled() {
                    latch.countDown();
                    System.out.println("getAsync3: "+request.getRequestUri() + " cancelled");
                }

            });
            latch.await();
        } catch (IOException | InterruptedException e) { throw new RuntimeException(e);
        } return null;

    }
}

输出结果：

getAsync1:/get->200
getAsync2:/get->200
getAsync3: 开始响应....
getAsync3: 收到数据....
getAsync3: 收到数据....
getAsync3: 收到数据....
getAsync3: 接收完毕...
getAsync3: /get->200

HttpClient 5 获取 Cookie

请求 http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/cookieName/www.wdbyte.com 的响应中会带有一个Cookie 信息，其中 name 为 cookieName，value 为 www.wdbyte.com，我们以此用作测试。

Postman 请求测试，可以看到响应了 Cookie 信息。

下面编写 Java 代码进行请求测试

package com.wdbyte.httpclient; import java.util.List; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.classic.methods.HttpGet; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.cookie.BasicCookieStore; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.cookie.Cookie; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.cookie.CookieStore; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.impl.classic.CloseableHttpClient; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.impl.classic.CloseableHttpResponse; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.impl.classic.HttpClients; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.impl.cookie.BasicClientCookie; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.protocol.HttpClientContext; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.io.entity.EntityUtils; /**
 * 这个例子演示了使用本地HTTP上下文填充, 自定义属性
 */ public class HttpClient5WithCookie { public static void main(final String[] args) throws Exception { try (final CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault()) { // 创建一个本地的 Cookie 存储 final CookieStore cookieStore = new BasicCookieStore(); // BasicClientCookie clientCookie = new BasicClientCookie("name", "www.wdbyte.com"); // clientCookie.setDomain("http://httpbin.org/cookies"); // 过期时间 // clientCookie.setExpiryDate(new Date()); // 添加到本地 Cookie // cookieStore.addCookie(clientCookie); // 创建本地 HTTP 请求上下文 HttpClientContext final HttpClientContext localContext = HttpClientContext.create(); // 绑定 cookieStore 到 localContext localContext.setCookieStore(cookieStore); final HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet("http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/cookieName/www.wdbyte.com");
            System.out.println("执行请求 " + httpget.getMethod() + " " + httpget.getUri()); // 获取 Coolie 信息 try (final CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httpget, localContext)) {
                System.out.println("----------------------------------------");
                System.out.println(response.getCode() + " " + response.getReasonPhrase()); final List<Cookie> cookies = cookieStore.getCookies(); for (int i = 0; i < cookies.size(); i++) {
                    System.out.println("Local cookie: " + cookies.get(i));
                }
                EntityUtils.consume(response.getEntity());
            }
        }
    }

}

输出结果：

执行请求 GET http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/cookieName/www.wdbyte.com ---------------------------------------- 200 OK
Local cookie: [name: cookieName; value: www.wdbyte.com; domain: httpbin.org; path: /; expiry: null]

HttpClient 5 读取文件内容请求

准备一个 JSON 内容格式的文件 params.json。

{"name":"www.wdbyte.com"}

读取这个文件作为请求参数发起请求。

package com.wdbyte.httpclient; import java.io.File; import java.io.FileInputStream; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.classic.methods.HttpPost; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.impl.classic.CloseableHttpClient; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.impl.classic.CloseableHttpResponse; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.impl.classic.HttpClients; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.ContentType; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.io.entity.EntityUtils; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.io.entity.FileEntity; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.io.entity.InputStreamEntity; /**
 * 加载数据流作为 POST 请求参数
 */ public class HttpClient5ChunkEncodedPost { public static void main(final String[] args) throws Exception {
        String params = "/Users/darcy/params.json"; try (final CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault()) { final HttpPost httppost = new HttpPost("http://httpbin.org/post"); final InputStreamEntity reqEntity = new InputStreamEntity(new FileInputStream(params), -1,
                ContentType.APPLICATION_JSON); // 也可以使用 FileEntity 的形式 // FileEntity reqEntity = new FileEntity(new File(params), ContentType.APPLICATION_JSON); httppost.setEntity(reqEntity);

            System.out.println("执行请求 " + httppost.getMethod() + " " + httppost.getUri()); try (final CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httppost)) {
                System.out.println("----------------------------------------");
                System.out.println(response.getCode() + " " + response.getReasonPhrase());
                System.out.println(EntityUtils.toString(response.getEntity()));
            }
        }
    }
}

输出结果：

执行请求 POST http://httpbin.org/post ---------------------------------------- 200 OK
{ "args": {}, "data": "{\"name\":\"www.wdbyte.com\"}\n", "files": {}, "form": {}, "headers": { "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, x-gzip, deflate", "Content-Length": "26", "Content-Type": "application/json; charset=UTF-8", "Host": "httpbin.org", "User-Agent": "Apache-HttpClient/5.1.3 (Java/1.8.0_151)", "X-Amzn-Trace-Id": "Root=1-62ee4d95-1f956d4303cea09c52694c86" }, "json": { "name": "www.wdbyte.com" }, "origin": "42.120.74.238", "url": "http://httpbin.org/post" }

HttpClient 5 表单登录

表单登录可以理解为发起一个携带了认证信息的请求，然后得到响应的 Cookie 的过程。当然这里不仅仅适用于表单登录，也可以是简单的发起一个携带了表单信息的请求。

本应该使用 POST 请求发送表单参数测试，但是在 httpbin.org 中没有对应的接口用于测试，所以这里换成了 GET 请求

示例代码：

package com.wdbyte.httpclient; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.List; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.classic.methods.HttpGet; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.cookie.BasicCookieStore; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.cookie.Cookie; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.entity.UrlEncodedFormEntity; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.impl.classic.CloseableHttpClient; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.impl.classic.CloseableHttpResponse; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.impl.classic.HttpClients; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.HttpEntity; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.NameValuePair; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.io.entity.EntityUtils; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.message.BasicNameValuePair; /**
 * 演示基于表单的登录
 * 
 * @author https://www.wdbyte.com
 */ public class HttpClient5FormLogin { public static void main(final String[] args) throws Exception { final BasicCookieStore cookieStore = new BasicCookieStore(); try (final CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.custom()
                .setDefaultCookieStore(cookieStore)
                .build()) { // 本应该使用 POST 请求发送表单参数，但是在 httpbin.org 中没有对应的接口用于测试，所以这里换成了 GET 请求 // HttpPost httpPost = new HttpPost("http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/username/wdbyte.com"); HttpGet httpPost = new HttpGet("http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/username/wdbyte.com"); // POST 表单请求参数 List<NameValuePair> nvps = new ArrayList<>();
            nvps.add(new BasicNameValuePair("username", "wdbyte.com"));
            nvps.add(new BasicNameValuePair("password", "secret"));
            httpPost.setEntity(new UrlEncodedFormEntity(nvps)); try (final CloseableHttpResponse response2 = httpclient.execute(httpPost)) { final HttpEntity entity = response2.getEntity();

                System.out.println("Login form get: " + response2.getCode() + " " + response2.getReasonPhrase());
                System.out.println("当前响应信息 "+EntityUtils.toString(entity));;

                System.out.println("Post 登录 Cookie:"); final List<Cookie> cookies = cookieStore.getCookies(); if (cookies.isEmpty()) {
                    System.out.println("None");
                } else { for (int i = 0; i < cookies.size(); i++) {
                        System.out.println("- " + cookies.get(i));
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

输出结果：

Login form get: 200 OK
当前响应信息 { "cookies": { "username": "wdbyte.com" }
}

Post 登录 Cookie:
- [name: username; value: wdbyte.com; domain: httpbin.org; path: /; expiry: null]

HttpClient 5 Basic Authorization

HTTP 基本认证（Basic Authorization）是一种比较简单的认证实现，主要流程如下

请求一个需要进行基本认证的 HTTP 接口，但是没有携带认证信息。
此时会响应 401 状态码，并在响应 header 中的 WWW-Authenticate 提示需要进行基本认证。
用户把需要提交认证信息进行冒号拼接，然后进行 base64 编码，再在得到的字符串开头拼接上 Basic 放入请求头 Authorization 中。
认证成功，响应成功。

你可以通过浏览器打开下面这个 URL 进行基本认证测试。

httpbin.org/basic-auth/…

在 Apache HttpClient 5 中的实现方式。

package com.wdbyte.httpclient; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.auth.AuthScope; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.auth.UsernamePasswordCredentials; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.classic.methods.HttpGet; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.impl.auth.BasicCredentialsProvider; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.impl.classic.CloseableHttpClient; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.impl.classic.CloseableHttpResponse; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.impl.classic.HttpClients; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.io.entity.EntityUtils; /**
 * 一个简单的示例,它使用HttpClient执行HTTP请求;
 * 一个需要进行用户身份验证的目标站点。
 */ public class HttpClient5BasicAuthentication { public static void main(final String[] args) throws Exception { final BasicCredentialsProvider credsProvider = new BasicCredentialsProvider();
        credsProvider.setCredentials( new AuthScope("httpbin.org", 80), new UsernamePasswordCredentials("admin", "123456".toCharArray())); try (final CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.custom()
                .setDefaultCredentialsProvider(credsProvider)
                .build()) { final HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet("http://httpbin.org/basic-auth/admin/123456");

            System.out.println("执行请求" + httpget.getMethod() + " " + httpget.getUri()); try (final CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httpget)) {
                System.out.println("----------------------------------------");
                System.out.println(response.getCode() + " " + response.getReasonPhrase());
                System.out.println(EntityUtils.toString(response.getEntity()));
            }
        }
    }
}

输出结果：

执行请求GET http://httpbin.org/basic-auth/user/passwd ---------------------------------------- 200 OK
{ "authenticated": true, "user": "user" }

通过抓包可以看到完整的 HTTP 请求响应过程。

// 请求 GET /basic-auth/user/passwd HTTP/1.1 Accept-Encoding: gzip, x-gzip, deflate
Host: httpbin.org
Connection: keep-alive
User-Agent: Apache-HttpClient/5.1.3 (Java/1.8.0_151) // 响应 HTTP/1.1 401 UNAUTHORIZED Date: Sat, 06 Aug 2022 08:25:33 GMT
Content-Length: 0 Connection: keep-alive
Server: gunicorn/19.9.0 WWW-Authenticate: Basic realm="Fake Realm" Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true // 请求 GET /basic-auth/user/passwd HTTP/1.1 Host: httpbin.org
Connection: keep-alive
User-Agent: Apache-HttpClient/5.1.3 (Java/1.8.0_151)
Authorization: Basic dXNlcjpwYXNzd2Q= // 响应 HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Sat, 06 Aug 2022 08:25:33 GMT
Content-Type: application/json
Content-Length: 47 Connection: keep-alive
Server: gunicorn/19.9.0 Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true { "authenticated": true, "user": "user" }

HttpClient 5 Digest Authorization

HTTP Basic Authorization 的缺点显而易见，密码通过明文传输存在一定的安全风险，Digest Authorization 认证方式解决了明文传输的问题，这里不过多介绍 Digest 的相关内容，通过一个图简单的示意 Digest 认证方式的流程。

下面是代码演示。

package com.wdbyte.httpclient; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.auth.AuthExchange; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.auth.AuthScheme; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.auth.AuthScope; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.auth.UsernamePasswordCredentials; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.classic.methods.HttpGet; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.impl.auth.BasicCredentialsProvider; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.impl.auth.DigestScheme; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.impl.classic.CloseableHttpClient; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.impl.classic.CloseableHttpResponse; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.impl.classic.HttpClients; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.protocol.HttpClientContext; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.HttpHost; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.io.entity.EntityUtils; /**
 *
 * HttpClient如何验证多个请求的示例
 * 使用相同的摘要方案。在初始请求/响应交换之后
 * 共享相同执行上下文的所有后续请求都可以重用
 * 要向服务器进行身份验证的最后一个摘要nonce值。
 */ public class HttpClient5PreemptiveDigestAuthentication { public static void main(final String[] args) throws Exception { try (final CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault()) { final HttpHost target = new HttpHost("http", "httpbin.org", 80); final HttpClientContext localContext = HttpClientContext.create(); final BasicCredentialsProvider credentialsProvider = new BasicCredentialsProvider();
            credentialsProvider.setCredentials( new AuthScope(target), new UsernamePasswordCredentials("admin", "123456".toCharArray()));
            localContext.setCredentialsProvider(credentialsProvider); final HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet("http://httpbin.org/digest-auth/auth/admin/123456");

            System.out.println("执行请求 " + httpget.getMethod() + " " + httpget.getUri()); for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) { try (final CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(target, httpget, localContext)) {
                    System.out.println("----------------------------------------");
                    System.out.println(response.getCode() + " " + response.getReasonPhrase());
                    EntityUtils.consume(response.getEntity()); final AuthExchange authExchange = localContext.getAuthExchange(target); if (authExchange != null) { final AuthScheme authScheme = authExchange.getAuthScheme(); if (authScheme instanceof DigestScheme) { final DigestScheme digestScheme = (DigestScheme) authScheme;
                            System.out.println("Nonce: " + digestScheme.getNonce() + "; count: " + digestScheme.getNounceCount());
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

}

通过抓包工具可以清晰的看到 2 次请求的流程，在最后一次请求中，直接共享了认证信息，没有再次的重新认证的流程。

// 1\. 请求 GET /digest-auth/auth/admin/123456 HTTP/1.1 Accept-Encoding: gzip, x-gzip, deflate
Host: httpbin.org
Connection: keep-alive
User-Agent: Apache-HttpClient/5.1.3 (Java/1.8.0_151) // 2\. 详情，提示认证，给出参数 HTTP/1.1 401 UNAUTHORIZED
Date: Fri, 12 Aug 2022 07:11:06 GMT
Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8 Content-Length: 0 Connection: keep-alive
Server: gunicorn/19.9.0 WWW-Authenticate: Digest realm="me@kennethreitz.com", nonce="8dc5e7974a86a6fcc3cf73230b0c4a93", qop="auth", opaque="64b7f68b386c3acc38131f7472aa2079", algorithm=MD5, stale=FALSE Set-Cookie: stale_after=never; Path=/
Set-Cookie: fake=fake_value; Path=/
Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true // 3\. 参数+密码 加密后再次请求 GET /digest-auth/auth/admin/123456 HTTP/1.1 Host: httpbin.org
Connection: keep-alive
User-Agent: Apache-HttpClient/5.1.3 (Java/1.8.0_151)
Cookie: fake=fake_value; stale_after=never
Authorization: Digest username="admin", realm="me@kennethreitz.com", nonce="8dc5e7974a86a6fcc3cf73230b0c4a93", uri="/digest-auth/auth/admin/123456", response="7c6726f8ac54c1ba28e19c71b2fc7338", qop=auth, nc=00000001, cnonce="2fa61501d47a9d39", algorithm=MD5, opaque="64b7f68b386c3acc38131f7472aa2079" // 4\. 认证成功，响应 HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Fri, 12 Aug 2022 07:11:08 GMT
Content-Type: application/json
Content-Length: 48 Connection: keep-alive
Server: gunicorn/19.9.0 Set-Cookie: fake=fake_value; Path=/
Set-Cookie: stale_after=never; Path=/
Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true { "authenticated": true, "user": "admin" } // 5\. 再次请求，共享了登录状态。 GET /digest-auth/auth/admin/123456 HTTP/1.1 Accept-Encoding: gzip, x-gzip, deflate
Host: httpbin.org
Connection: keep-alive
User-Agent: Apache-HttpClient/5.1.3 (Java/1.8.0_151)
Cookie: fake=fake_value; stale_after=never
Authorization: Digest username="admin", realm="me@kennethreitz.com", nonce="8dc5e7974a86a6fcc3cf73230b0c4a93", uri="/digest-auth/auth/admin/123456", response="9955ac79f6a51a876a326449447f549d", qop=auth, nc=00000002, cnonce="2fa61501d47a9d39", algorithm=MD5, opaque="64b7f68b386c3acc38131f7472aa2079" // 5\. 认证成功，响应 HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Fri, 12 Aug 2022 07:11:09 GMT
Content-Type: application/json
Content-Length: 48 Connection: keep-alive
Server: gunicorn/19.9.0 Set-Cookie: fake=fake_value; Path=/
Set-Cookie: stale_after=never; Path=/
Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true { "authenticated": true, "user": "admin" }

HttpClient 5 拦截器

HttpClient 5 中的拦截器可以对请求过程的各个阶段进行拦截处理，通过 HttpClientBuilder 中的关于 Interceptor 的方法可以看到可以进行拦截的节点。

[图片上传失败...(image-bf15ae-166****876907)]

下面编写一个示例，发起三次请求，每次请求都在请求头 herader 中增加一个 request-id 参数，然后对 request-id 值为 2 的请求直接响应 404 结束。

package com.wdbyte.httpclient; import java.io.IOException; import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.classic.ExecChain; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.classic.ExecChain.Scope; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.classic.ExecChainHandler; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.classic.methods.HttpGet; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.impl.ChainElement; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.impl.classic.CloseableHttpClient; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.impl.classic.CloseableHttpResponse; import org.apache.hc.client5.http.impl.classic.HttpClients; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.ClassicHttpRequest; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.ClassicHttpResponse; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.ContentType; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.EntityDetails; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.Header; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.HttpEntity; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.HttpException; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.HttpRequest; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.HttpRequestInterceptor; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.HttpStatus; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.io.entity.EntityUtils; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.io.entity.StringEntity; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.message.BasicClassicHttpResponse; import org.apache.hc.core5.http.protocol.HttpContext; /**
 * 展示如何在请求和响应时进行拦截进行自定义处理。
 */ public class HttpClient5Interceptors { public static void main(final String[] args) throws Exception { try (final CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.custom() // 添加一个请求 id 到请求 header .addRequestInterceptorFirst(new HttpRequestInterceptor() { private final AtomicLong count = new AtomicLong(0); @Override public void process( final HttpRequest request, final EntityDetails entity, final HttpContext context) throws HttpException, IOException {
                    request.setHeader("request-id", Long.toString(count.incrementAndGet()));
                }
            })
            .addExecInterceptorAfter(ChainElement.PROTOCOL.name(), "custom", new ExecChainHandler() { // 请求 id 为 2 的，模拟 404 响应，并自定义响应的内容。 @Override public ClassicHttpResponse execute( final ClassicHttpRequest request, final Scope scope, final ExecChain chain) throws IOException, HttpException { final Header idHeader = request.getFirstHeader("request-id"); if (idHeader != null && "2".equalsIgnoreCase(idHeader.getValue())) { final ClassicHttpResponse response = new BasicClassicHttpResponse(HttpStatus.SC_NOT_FOUND, "Oppsie");
                        response.setEntity(new StringEntity("bad luck", ContentType.TEXT_PLAIN)); return response;
                    } else { return chain.proceed(request, scope);
                    }
                }
            })
            .build()) { for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) { final HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet("http://httpbin.org/get"); try (final CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httpget)) {
                    System.out.println("----------------------------------------");
                    System.out.println("执行请求 " + httpget.getMethod() + " " + httpget.getUri());
                    System.out.println(response.getCode() + " " + response.getReasonPhrase());
                    System.out.println(EntityUtils.toString(response.getEntity()));
                }
            }
        }
    }

}

输出结果。

----------------------------------------
执行请求 GET http://httpbin.org/get 200 OK
{ "args": {}, "headers": { "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, x-gzip, deflate", "Host": "httpbin.org", "Request-Id": "1", "User-Agent": "Apache-HttpClient/5.1.3 (Java/1.8.0_151)", "X-Amzn-Trace-Id": "Root=1-62f615ba-658ccd42182d22534dbba82c" }, "origin": "42.120.75.221", "url": "http://httpbin.org/get" }

----------------------------------------
执行请求 GET http://httpbin.org/get 404 Oppsie
bad luck
----------------------------------------
执行请求 GET http://httpbin.org/get 200 OK
{ "args": {}, "headers": { "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, x-gzip, deflate", "Host": "httpbin.org", "Request-Id": "3", "User-Agent": "Apache-HttpClient/5.1.3 (Java/1.8.0_151)", "X-Amzn-Trace-Id": "Root=1-62f615bb-4eb6ba10736ace0e21d0cb8c" }, "origin": "42.120.75.221", "url": "http://httpbin.org/get" }

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重庆邮电大学 Java

SSOB你要干嘛

我真没招了，到底是谁在约面试拿offer😓

敢逐云霄志：你打招呼语怎么能这么长，hr都没看下去的欲望，简明扼要说重点，就读于某某学校某某专业，26届应届毕业生，学信网可查，先后在某某公司实习过（如有），然后做过什么项目，想找一份什么样的工作，可实习几个月以上，期待您的回复。

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10-25 22:20

门头沟学院 Java

27学院本找java实习崩溃

27学院本沟通了1000家，投了60份，就约了一个小厂面，佬给点建议，能找到寒假实习吗

代码飞升：同学院本，个人亮点去了，打招呼里面的废话也去了，学院本就是路边一条，明天拉满然后该学还是学，小厂也行尽量先有一段实习。另外你的项目描述写的不好，具体列一下可被提问的点，然后量化一下指标或者收益吧

投了多少份简历才上岸

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11-03 16:48

已编辑

百度_高级研发工程师

摸爬滚打，我也一定要离开华为

事实是检验真理的唯一标准。 无论我们怎么去说，去讲述，去证明，都抵不过一个offer来得实在，无论我们怎么去复现求职中的摸爬滚打、扒皮抽筋、狼狈不堪，都抵不过你在简历写上大厂的名字（外包不算）。 所以在我求职期间，我什么话都不说，什么话都不讲，因为没有意义，虽然我总讲过程才是意义，但只有当你上岸的那一刻，你才有资格回想在水里的挣扎，只有等你出了山，你才知道山的全貌。 我为什么一定要离开华为OD，难道它不稳定吗，不能赚钱吗。为了证明自己，那肯定有的。其实更多的是印证我的认知是否真的正确。 （给不了解我的人交代一下背景，在下双非一本，gap一年，华为OD外包，摸爬滚打4个月，艰难上岸百度正编）一、...

先锋战士：说得很真诚。鄙视链自古有之，学历，家庭背景，财富，权利。从小有之，小学羡慕那些当班委的，中学羡慕那些学生会的，高中羡慕尖子班拿教学金的，大学羡慕高绩点，毕业了羡慕进大厂的。工作了，又羡慕高职级的，再后来又羡慕别人早早结婚的。我想表达的观点很简单，无论是华为od还是百度，都是经历，没有孰高孰低，为了抵达下一个风景，总会付出更多东西，但不就是人生吗？正如登山，每个阶段的山，都要想办法攀登，在博主的文字中，见到了坚持和积极寻找问题解决办法的心态