HashMap深入详解
HashMap 数据结构
HashMap原理就是链地址法,这个不需要太多解释。在JDK1.8版本中,为了进一步提高查找效率,当一个链表长度大于8时,链表变为红黑树结构。
源码分析
put()方法执行流程
/**
* 将一个 key-value对存入map中,如果当前map已经存在key,则更新value。
*
* @param key key with which the specified value is to be associated
* @param value value to be associated with the specified key
* @return the previous value associated with <tt>key</tt>, or
* <tt>null</tt> if there was no mapping for <tt>key</tt>.
* (A <tt>null</tt> return can also indicate that the map
* previously associated <tt>null</tt> with <tt>key</tt>.)
*/
public V put(K key, V value) {
return putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, true);
}
static final int hash(Object key) {
int h;
return (key == null) ? 0 : (h = key.hashCode()) ^ (h >>> 16);
}
/**
* Implements Map.put and related methods.
*
* @param hash hash for key
* @param key the key
* @param value the value to put
* @param onlyIfAbsent if true, don't change existing value
* @param evict if false, the table is in creation mode.
* @return previous value, or null if none
*/
final V putVal(int hash, K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent,
boolean evict) {
Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> p; int n, i;
if ((tab = table) == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
n = (tab = resize()).length;
if ((p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) == null)
// 没有哈希冲突
tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
else {
// 冲突解决
Node<K,V> e; K k;
if (p.hash == hash &&
((k = p.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
// 第一个结点的key和插入的key相同
e = p;
else if (p instanceof TreeNode)
e = ((TreeNode<K,V>)p).putTreeVal(this, tab, hash, key, value);
else {
for (int binCount = 0; ; ++binCount) {
if ((e = p.next) == null) {
p.next = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1) // -1 for 1st
// 链表过长 转为红黑树
treeifyBin(tab, hash);
break;
}
if (e.hash == hash &&
((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
break;
p = e;
}
}
if (e != null) { // existing mapping for key
V oldValue = e.value;
if (!onlyIfAbsent || oldValue == null)
e.value = value;
afterNodeAccess(e);
return oldValue;
}
}
++modCount;
if (++size > threshold)
// 扩容
resize();
afterNodeInsertion(evict);
return null;
} 扩容操作
/**
* Initializes or doubles table size. If null, allocates in
* accord with initial capacity target held in field threshold.
* Otherwise, because we are using power-of-two expansion, the
* elements from each bin must either stay at same index, or move
* with a power of two offset in the new table.
*
* @return the table
*/
final Node<K,V>[] resize() {
Node<K,V>[] oldTab = table;
int oldCap = (oldTab == null) ? 0 : oldTab.length;
int oldThr = threshold;
int newCap, newThr = 0;
if (oldCap > 0) {
if (oldCap >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
// 当前map容量超出最大长度 不能进行扩容
threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
return oldTab;
}
else if ((newCap = oldCap << 1) < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY &&
oldCap >= DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY)
newThr = oldThr << 1; // double threshold
}
else if (oldThr > 0) // initial capacity was placed in threshold
newCap = oldThr;
else { // zero initial threshold signifies using defaults
// 初始化操作
newCap = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY;
newThr = (int)(DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR * DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY);
}
if (newThr == 0) {
float ft = (float)newCap * loadFactor;
newThr = (newCap < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY && ft < (float)MAXIMUM_CAPACITY ?
(int)ft : Integer.MAX_VALUE);
}
threshold = newThr;
@SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes","unchecked"})
// 开辟新空间 移动数据
Node<K,V>[] newTab = (Node<K,V>[])new Node[newCap];
table = newTab;
if (oldTab != null) {
for (int j = 0; j < oldCap; ++j) {
Node<K,V> e;
if ((e = oldTab[j]) != null) {
oldTab[j] = null;
if (e.next == null)
// 只有一个节点,通过索引位置直接映射
newTab[e.hash & (newCap - 1)] = e;
else if (e instanceof TreeNode)
((TreeNode<K,V>)e).split(this, newTab, j, oldCap);
else { // preserve order
// 如果是多个节点的链表,将原链表拆分为两个链表 这种写法更高效 但最终效果和与 (newCap - 1) 求与一样
// 为什么要这样做???
Node<K,V> loHead = null, loTail = null;
Node<K,V> hiHead = null, hiTail = null;
Node<K,V> next;
do {
next = e.next;
if ((e.hash & oldCap) == 0) {
// 尾插法
if (loTail == null)
loHead = e;
else
loTail.next = e;
loTail = e;
}
else {
if (hiTail == null)
hiHead = e;
else
hiTail.next = e;
hiTail = e;
}
} while ((e = next) != null);
if (loTail != null) {
loTail.next = null;
newTab[j] = loHead;
}
if (hiTail != null) {
hiTail.next = null;
newTab[j + oldCap] = hiHead;
}
}
}
}
}
return newTab;
} 为什么将原来的一条链表分成两个链表,存放在新map中。
这里面有一个非常好的设计理念,扩容后长度为原hash表的2倍,于是把hash表分为两半,分为低位和高位,如果能把原链表的键值对, 一半放在低位,一半放在高位,而且是通过e.hash & oldCap == 0来判断,这个判断有什么优点呢?
举个例子:n = 16,二进制为10000,第5位为1,e.hash & oldCap 是否等于0就取决于e.hash第 5 位是0还是1,这就相当于有50%的概率放在新hash表低位,50%的概率放在新hash表高位。
给定一个 hash,原来和 00001111求与确定地址,现在和00011111求与确定地址,只有一位的结果不同,根据那一位的0和1分为两个链表和直接求与的最终效果一样,可能写法更高效。
hash()函数设计有何高明之处
hash()函数应该使得计算结果比较均匀,这样可以减少hash冲突。
static final int hash(Object key) {
int h;
return (key == null) ? 0 : (h = key.hashCode()) ^ (h >>> 16);
} h 和 h无符号右移的值 进行 异或操作。 将h分成两部分,高16位和底16位。hash值就是 高16位是h的高16位,第16位是 h的高16位和底16的异或操作, 保证了对象的 hashCode 的 32 位值只要有一位发生改变,整个 hash() 返回值就会改变。尽可能的减少碰撞。并且为什么采用异或操作,你看下面的图就知道了。
