六边形架构：解耦核心业务与外部依赖

六边形架构的核心思想

六边形架构（Hexagonal Architecture）由Alistair Cockburn提出，旨在解耦业务逻辑与外部依赖。其核心是将领域模型置于中心，外部交互通过“端口”和“适配器”实现。领域驱动设计（DDD）负责定义核心业务逻辑，端口适配器模式处理技术细节的隔离。

领域驱动设计的角色

领域模型是六边形架构的核心层，包含实体、值对象、聚合根和领域服务。通过分层设计（应用层、领域层、基础设施层）确保业务逻辑的纯粹性。应用层协调用例流程，领域层封装业务规则，基础设施层通过适配器与外部系统交互。

端口与适配器的实现

端口是抽象的接口，定义交互协议（如OrderRepository接口）。适配器是实现端口的具体技术组件（如MySQLOrderRepository）。分为两类适配器：

• 驱动适配器：处理外部触发（如HTTP API、CLI命令）。
• 被驱动适配器：处理核心逻辑对外部系统的调用（如数据库、消息队列）。

代码示例：订单处理场景

领域模型定义

// 领域层
public class Order {
    private String orderId;
    private BigDecimal amount;
    // 业务方法
    public void validate() { /* 校验逻辑 */ }
}

端口接口

// 应用层端口
public interface OrderRepository {
    void save(Order order);
    Order findById(String id);
}

适配器实现

// 基础设施层适配器（被驱动）
public class JpaOrderRepository implements OrderRepository {
    @Override
    public void save(Order order) { /* JPA持久化逻辑 */ }
}

依赖注入与解耦

通过依赖注入（DI）框架（如Spring）将适配器注入到应用层。确保领域层不直接依赖具体技术：

// 应用服务
@Service
public class OrderService {
    private final OrderRepository repository;
    
    @Autowired
    public OrderService(OrderRepository repository) {
        this.repository = repository; // 依赖抽象
    }
}

测试策略的优势

六边形架构支持分层测试：

• 领域层：单元测试验证业务规则。
• 适配器层：集成测试验证技术实现（如数据库操作）。
• 驱动适配器：Mock测试模拟外部请求。

与传统分层架构的对比

• 解耦性：六边形架构明确隔离技术细节，避免基础设施代码污染领域模型。
• 可替换性：更换数据库或UI框架时，仅需替换适配器，无需修改核心逻辑。
• 可测试性：Mock端口实现使测试更聚焦。

实际应用建议

1. 明确边界：严格区分领域模型与技术实现，避免在领域层引入框架注解（如@Entity）。
2. 适配器分类：根据交互方向（输入/输出）设计适配器，例如REST API适配器属于驱动适配器。
3. 事件驱动扩展：通过领域事件（Domain Events）进一步解耦模块间通信。

通过结合DDD与六边形架构，可构建高内聚、低耦合的系统，适应复杂业务需求的快速演进。

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