VSCode C++调试配置全解析

VSCode C/C++调试配置文件 launch.json 全字段解析

launch.json 是 Visual Studio Code 中用于配置调试任务的核心文件，对于 C/C++ 开发者尤为重要。以下是对其字段的深度解析。

基础结构

launch.json 必须包含 version 和 configurations 字段。version 指定调试配置的版本，通常为 "0.2.0"；configurations 是一个数组，包含多个调试配置。

{
  "version": "0.2.0",
  "configurations": [
    {
      "name": "C++ Launch",
      "type": "cppdbg",
      "request": "launch"
    }
  ]
}

核心字段详解

name
调试配置的名称，显示在 VSCode 调试启动下拉菜单中。命名需清晰，如 "Debug C++ Program"。

type
指定调试器类型。C/C++ 项目通常为 "cppdbg"（Microsoft C++ 调试器）或 "lldb"（LLVM 调试器）。

request
定义调试启动方式：

• "launch"：启动新进程并附加调试器。
• "attach"：附加到已运行的进程。

program
可执行文件的路径，通常为编译后的二进制文件（如 ${workspaceFolder}/bin/main）。可使用变量如 ${workspaceFolder}。

args
传递给程序的命令行参数数组。例如：

"args": ["--input", "data.txt"]

cwd
设置调试的工作目录，默认为 ${workspaceFolder}。若程序需读取相对路径文件，需正确配置此字段。

调试器控制字段

miDebuggerPath
指定 GDB 或 LLDB 调试器的完整路径。例如：

"miDebuggerPath": "/usr/bin/gdb"

stopAtEntry
布尔值，控制是否在程序入口点（如 main 函数）自动暂停。默认为 false。

externalConsole
布尔值，决定是否使用外部终端（如系统终端）而非 VSCode 集成终端。默认为 false。

环境与预处理

environment
设置环境变量数组。例如：

"environment": [
  {"name": "PATH", "value": "/usr/local/bin:${env:PATH}"}
]

preLaunchTask
在调试前执行的任务名称（需在 tasks.json 中定义）。常用于编译构建：

"preLaunchTask": "build-cpp"

高级调试配置

sourceFileMap
映射调试器与本地源代码路径，适用于远程调试或路径不一致的场景：

"sourceFileMap": {
  "/remote/path": "${workspaceFolder}/local/path"
}

customLaunchSetupCommands
自定义调试器启动命令，适用于特殊调试需求：

"customLaunchSetupCommands": [
  {"text": "set breakpoint pending on"}
]

示例配置

以下是一个完整的 launch.json 示例：

{
  "version": "0.2.0",
  "configurations": [
    {
      "name": "Debug C++ Program",
      "type": "cppdbg",
      "request": "launch",
      "program": "${workspaceFolder}/build/main",
      "args": ["--verbose"],
      "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}",
      "environment": [],
      "externalConsole": false,
      "miDebuggerPath": "/usr/bin/gdb",
      "preLaunchTask": "build-cpp"
    }
  ]
}

通过合理配置这些字段，可以实现断点调试、变量监视、调用栈分析等高级功能，显著提升开发效率。

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