QT串口通信实战指南

QT串口通信基础

QT提供了QSerialPort类用于串口通信，需在项目文件(.pro)中添加serialport模块：
QT += serialport。基本使用流程包括端口枚举、参数配置、数据读写。

端口枚举通过QSerialPortInfo::availablePorts()获取可用串口列表。参数配置需设置波特率、数据位、校验位等：

QSerialPort serial;
serial.setPortName("COM3");
serial.setBaudRate(QSerialPort::Baud9600);
serial.setDataBits(QSerialPort::Data8);
serial.setParity(QSerialPort::NoParity);
serial.setStopBits(QSerialPort::OneStop);

数据收发实现

打开串口使用serial.open(QIODevice::ReadWrite)。写入数据通过write()方法：

serial.write("Hello, Serial Port!");

读取数据需连接readyRead()信号到槽函数：

connect(&serial, &QSerialPort::readyRead, [&](){
    QByteArray data = serial.readAll();
    qDebug() << "Received:" << data;
});

错误处理与调试

错误信号errorOccurred需处理常见问题（如断开连接）：

connect(&serial, &QSerialPort::errorOccurred, [](QSerialPort::SerialPortError error){
    if(error == QSerialPort::ResourceError) 
        qDebug() << "Port disconnected!";
});

调试时可启用流控制（Flow Control）日志：

serial.setFlowControl(QSerialPort::SoftwareControl);

高级功能：超时与帧同步

添加读取超时机制防止阻塞：

serial.waitForReadyRead(1000); // 1秒超时

自定义帧同步可通过标识符（如\n）分割数据帧：

QByteArray buffer;
connect(&serial, &QSerialPort::readyRead, [&](){
    buffer += serial.readAll();
    if(buffer.contains('\n')) {
        processFrame(buffer.left(buffer.indexOf('\n')));
        buffer.remove(0, buffer.indexOf('\n') + 1);
    }
});

跨平台注意事项

Linux/macOS下串口名称通常为/dev/ttyS*或/dev/cu.*。权限问题需通过终端命令解决：

sudo usermod -aG dialout $USER

Windows下需处理COM号大于9的情况（如\\.\COM10）：

serial.setPortName("\\\\.\\COM10");

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