英语语法-句子成分

英语中的句子一共有6种基本成分，分别是主语、谓语、宾语(表语)、定语、状语、补语。其中表语是指当句子的谓语是be动词时，be动词后面的被称为表语。

1 主语

主语是句子的必要成分，表示动作的执行者。

可以做主语的有：名词、代词、动名词、不定式、从句(主语从句)、副词、介词短语等。

名词作主语：

The website is very simple. 这个网站很简单

The young should show respect to the old. 年轻人对老年人表示尊重

Many students did not pass the exam. 一些学生没有通过考试

代词作主语

He opened the door immediately. 他立即打开了门

It will just take a few minutes.

They like playing baskerball

动名词作主语：动词做主语时谓语动词必须是第三人称单数

Swimming can exercise our body.

Using Java programming is a good way to learn Java programming language.

Taking notes can help us remember.

不定式作主语

动词不定式作主语时一般使用it作形式主语，将真正的主语放在句尾

例1：

to learn Java that is easy.

it is easy to learn Java.

例2：

to believe him was silly.

it was silly to believe him.

从句作主语

What you think is not right

What should we do is not decided

2 谓语

谓语是句子的必要成分，一般放在主语的后面，表示主语的行为、动作或状态

谓语必须是动词，且一个句子只有一个谓语。

谓语动词与非-谓语动词

一个句子中可能又多个动词，除了谓语动词之外，句子中再出现动词，必须改为非-谓语动词形式(动名词、不定式)。

句子中作谓语的动词就是谓语动词，不作谓语的动词(如动名词、不定式等)被称为非-谓语动词。

Smoking is bad for your body.

3 宾语

可以充当宾语的有：名词、代词、动名词、不定式、从句(宾语从句)、介词短语

宾语是主语动作或行为的承受者。

当谓语动词是及物动词时，后面可以直接加宾语。

当谓语动词是不及物动词时，后面不可以直接加宾语，需要加介词，如of to for，再加宾语

及物动词与不及物动词

及物动词可以直接跟宾语，及物动词有主动语态和被动语态。常见的及物动词有：buy、catch、invent、get、found、like、prevent、promise、raise、find、forget。

不及物动词不能直接跟宾语，常见的不及物动词：agree、apologize、appear、arrive、belong、come、compete、die、depend、exist、fail、look、listen等等。这些词要不就不加宾语，如果需要加宾语必须先加介词。

名词作宾语

I bought an English grammer book.

we hava already had the breakfast.

代词作宾语

We should not believe him.

You can not hurt she.

动名词作宾语

He enjoys singing

He suggests bringing the meeting to an end.

不定式作宾语

He wants to play basketball.

He asked to see my passport

从句作宾语

He hope that I will be fine.

These studies discovered that the development of artificial intellgence is so fast

4 表语

可以充当表语的有：名词、代词、形容词、副词、动名词、不定式、介词短语、从句。

当谓语动词为系动词时，宾语被称为表语。即系动词后面的宾语被称为表语。

常见的系动词

表示状态的be动词：am,is,are

感官动词：look,sound,taste,smell,feel

表示变化的系动词：become,get,grow,make,come,go,run,turn

表示依旧的系动词：remain,keep,stay,continue,stand,rest,hold

表像系动词：看起来象... seem

名词作表语

it is a long wait in the dark

That remains a puzzle to me

代词作表语

it is him

to hurt you is yourself

形容词作表语

She is very beautiful

Your sister looks very cute

副词作表语

The class is over

不定式表语

My dream is to become a Java engineer

Our next steps is to get all things ready

动名词作表语

One of the best approaches to learn Java is programming with Java

Our jobs is playing various music

介词短语作表语

He is still in danger

The train station is just across the road

从句作表语

The turth is that he was very shy

The best thing is that she will become a postgraduate

5 定语

可以充当定语的成分有：名词、代词、形容词、副词、现在分词、过去分析、动名词、不定式、介词短语、从句

定语分为前置定语和后置定语，前置定语一般是修饰名词。后置定语一般是定语较长需要放在被修饰对象的后面，如从句作定语、介词短语作定语。

前置定语

前置定语一般都是修饰名词

形容词作前置定语

This is a red apple

I am a responsible man

代词作前置定语

These questions have been unsolved.

Those children should not play in the street

This is a book on my hand

数词作前置定语

Three apples I eat are very sweet

You are the first one here

名词作前置定语

My father worked in a car factory

He bought a coffee cup

名词所有格作前置定语

He is my bother's teacher

现在分词作前置定语

We can see the rising sun

Can you stop the running horse？

过去分词作前置定语

The injured workers are now being taken care of in the hospital

动名词作前置定语

We hope to have a swimming pool.

Let us take everything to the living room.

后置定语

形容词作后置定语

形容词修饰不定代词或前面有any、every等一类词时，形容词一般放后面，作后置定语

There is something improtant

Are there any tickets available?

副词作后置定语

副词作定语时一般放后面

The people there are very friendly

The design above is made by me

介词短语作后置定语

The weather in the city is very cold

The day after tomorrow will be sunny

现在分词作后置定语

They lived in a room facing the east

There was a girl sitting there

过去分词作后置定语

Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists

不定式作后置定语

The next train to arrive was from that city

He has too many things to do

从句作后置定语

更多介绍在定语从句中

He is a teacher who works at our school

6 状语

状语是修饰成分，修饰动词、形容词、句子等等，还有表示目的、条件、时间、地点的状语

可以充当状语的成分有：名词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词、介词短语、从句

名词作状语

See you next work

形容词作状语

He said nothing but sat silent smoking

副词作状语

修饰形容词或动词

He immediately switched off the light

This car engine runs quietly

不定式作状语

I went there to see my friends

现在分词作状语

He ran into the house looking for places to hide

过去分词作状语

Compared to ours their house is a palace

介词短语作状语

Fresh water was taken to this area by air

I have been waiting for more than half an hour

从句作状语

I will come to your home when i am free

7 补语

补语是对修饰对象的补充说明，常见的有有主语补语、宾语补语和同位语。

宾语补足语

句型结构：主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语

对宾语进行补充说明，可以充当宾语补足语的有：名词、代词、形容词、副词、动名词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词、介词短语、名词性从句。

同位语

一个句子中出现两个语法地位相同且描述同一人或物的词或词组时，这两个词或词组为同位语。同理，当一个词是指一件事，另一个词或句子是对这个事补充说明，也被称为同位语。一般称后一项为前一项的同位语。

用法1：两个名词放在同一位置，指同一个人或物

Mr.Smith, our English teacher, is very kind to us

用法2：两个单一词时，可以不用逗号隔开

He told me that his brother John is a world-famous doctor

The term "fluid" means a substance that can flow

用法3：同位语从句

There was little hope that he would surrive