React Query 入门：轻松管理数据请求

React Query 入门指南：简化 React 应用中的数据获取

React Query 的核心优势

React Query 是一个专为 React 应用设计的数据管理库，专注于简化数据获取、缓存和状态同步。它通过内置的缓存机制和自动后台刷新，显著减少冗余代码和手动状态管理。

React Query 的核心优势包括：

• 自动缓存：数据请求结果自动缓存，避免重复请求。
• 后台数据同步：自动在应用焦点变化或网络重连时更新数据。
• 开发者工具：内置 DevTools，方便调试查询和缓存状态。

安装与基础配置

通过 npm 或 yarn 安装 React Query：

npm install @tanstack/react-query

在应用中配置 QueryClient 和 QueryClientProvider：

import { QueryClient, QueryClientProvider } from '@tanstack/react-query';

const queryClient = new QueryClient();

function App() {
  return (
    <QueryClientProvider client={queryClient}>
      <YourComponent />
    </QueryClientProvider>
  );
}

基本数据查询

使用 useQuery 钩子发起数据请求。以下示例从 API 获取用户数据：

import { useQuery } from '@tanstack/react-query';

function UserList() {
  const { data, isLoading, error } = useQuery({
    queryKey: ['users'],
    queryFn: () => fetch('/api/users').then(res => res.json()),
  });

  if (isLoading) return <div>Loading...</div>;
  if (error) return <div>Error: {error.message}</div>;

  return (
    <ul>
      {data.map(user => (
        <li key={user.id}>{user.name}</li>
      ))}
    </ul>
  );
}

• queryKey：唯一标识查询的键，用于缓存管理。
• queryFn：返回 Promise 的函数，用于实际数据请求。

数据修改与乐观更新

通过 useMutation 处理数据修改（如 POST、PUT 请求），并支持乐观更新：

import { useMutation, useQueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query';

function AddUser() {
  const queryClient = useQueryClient();
  const mutation = useMutation({
    mutationFn: (newUser) => fetch('/api/users', {
      method: 'POST',
      body: JSON.stringify(newUser),
    }),
    onSuccess: () => {
      queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['users'] });
    },
  });

  const handleSubmit = () => {
    mutation.mutate({ name: 'New User' });
  };

  return <button onClick={handleSubmit}>Add User</button>;
}

• invalidateQueries：使缓存失效，触发重新获取数据。

高级功能与优化

1. 分页查询：通过 useInfiniteQuery 实现无限滚动或分页加载。
2. 预加载数据：使用 prefetchQuery 提前加载用户可能访问的数据。
3. 依赖查询：通过 enabled 选项控制查询的触发条件。

总结

React Query 通过抽象化数据管理的复杂性，让开发者更专注于业务逻辑。其核心功能如自动缓存、后台同步和开发者工具，使其成为现代 React 应用的理想选择。

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