SpringMVC核心原理与实战指南

SpringMVC 基本概念

SpringMVC 是 Spring 框架提供的基于 MVC（Model-View-Controller）设计模式的轻量级 Web 框架，用于构建灵活、松耦合的 Web 应用程序。它通过 DispatcherServlet 作为前端控制器，统一处理请求和响应，简化了传统 Servlet 开发的复杂性。

核心组件包括：

DispatcherServlet：中央调度器，负责请求的分发和协调
HandlerMapping：映射请求到处理器（Controller）
HandlerAdapter：执行处理器方法
ViewResolver：解析逻辑视图名到具体视图实现
HandlerInterceptor：拦截器机制

核心处理流程

请求到达 DispatcherServlet 用户发起 HTTP 请求后，由 web.xml 配置的 DispatcherServlet 拦截所有请求
处理器映射 DispatcherServlet 查询 HandlerMapping 找到匹配当前请求的 Handler（Controller 方法）
处理器适配 HandlerAdapter 调用具体的处理器方法，处理业务逻辑
模型处理 处理器方法返回 ModelAndView 对象，包含模型数据和视图名称
视图解析 ViewResolver 根据视图名称解析出具体的 View 实现
渲染响应 View 使用模型数据渲染结果，通过 Response 返回给客户端

关键配置示例

配置 DispatcherServlet（web.xml）：

<servlet>
    <servlet-name>dispatcher</servlet-name>
    <servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class>
    <init-param>
        <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
        <param-value>/WEB-INF/spring-mvc.xml</param-value>
    </init-param>
    <load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
</servlet>

Spring MVC 配置文件（spring-mvc.xml）：

<!-- 组件扫描 -->
<context:component-scan base-package="com.example.controller"/>

<!-- 注解驱动 -->
<mvc:annotation-driven/>

<!-- 视图解析器 -->
<bean class="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver">
    <property name="prefix" value="/WEB-INF/views/"/>
    <property name="suffix" value=".jsp"/>
</bean>

控制器开发模式

基于注解的控制器示例：

@Controller
@RequestMapping("/user")
public class UserController {

    @GetMapping("/info")
    public String getUserInfo(Model model) {
        model.addAttribute("user", userService.getCurrentUser());
        return "user/info";
    }

    @PostMapping("/update")
    public String updateUser(@Valid UserForm form, BindingResult result) {
        if(result.hasErrors()) {
            return "user/edit";
        }
        userService.updateUser(form);
        return "redirect:/user/info";
    }
}

高级特性

数据绑定与验证

@PostMapping("/register")
public String register(@Valid @ModelAttribute User user, 
                      BindingResult result) {
    // 自动数据绑定与验证
}

异常处理

@ControllerAdvice
public class GlobalExceptionHandler {
    @ExceptionHandler(Exception.class)
    public ResponseEntity<String> handleException(Exception ex) {
        return ResponseEntity.status(500).body(ex.getMessage());
    }
}

RESTful 支持

@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api/users")
public class UserApiController {

    @GetMapping
    public List<User> listUsers() {
        return userService.getAllUsers();
    }

    @GetMapping("/{id}")
    public User getUser(@PathVariable Long id) {
        return userService.getUserById(id);
    }
}

性能优化建议

合理配置 HandlerMapping 的匹配顺序
使用缓存视图解析结果
优化静态资源处理
合理使用拦截器链
考虑异步请求处理（DeferredResult/Callable）

SpringMVC 通过清晰的架构设计和丰富的扩展点，既保持了开发的简便性，又能满足复杂 Web 应用的需求。理解其核心流程有助于开发高效、可维护的 Web 应用程序。

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