Rust内存模型：安全与性能的完美平衡
Rust 内存模型的核心概念
Rust 的内存模型围绕所有权、借用和生命周期展开，确保内存安全无需垃圾回收。变量是值的绑定，存储在栈或堆上，所有权规则决定值的生命周期。指针分为引用（&T/&mut T）和原始指针（*const T/*mut T），引用遵循严格的借用规则。
变量与值的存储方式
栈内存用于固定大小的值，如基本类型和结构体。堆内存用于动态大小或大型数据，通过 Box<T> 或集合类型分配。变量默认存储在栈上，但指向堆数据的指针可能同时存在。
let x = 5; // 栈分配
let y = Box::new(42); // 堆分配，y 是指针
所有权与移动语义
每个值有唯一所有者，赋值或传参时所有权可能转移（移动）。移动后原变量失效，防止重复释放。Copy 特质允许按位复制而非移动，如整数类型。
let s1 = String::from("hello"); // 堆分配字符串
let s2 = s1; // 所有权移动，s1 不再可用
引用与借用规则
引用分为不可变（&T）和可变（&mut T），遵循规则：任意时刻只能有一个可变引用或多个不可变引用，且引用不能超过被引用值的生命周期。
let mut v = vec![1, 2, 3];
let r1 = &v[0]; // 不可变引用
let r2 = &mut v; // 编译错误：已有不可变引用
生命周期注解
生命周期参数（如 'a）确保引用有效性。编译器通过静态分析验证引用不会悬垂。函数签名或结构体定义中需显式标注跨引用的关系。
fn longest<'a>(x: &'a str, y: &'a str) -> &'a str {
if x.len() > y.len() { x } else { y }
}
原始指针与不安全代码
原始指针无借用检查，需在 unsafe 块中使用。常用于 FFI 或特定优化场景，但需手动确保内存安全。
let mut num = 10;
let r1 = &num as *const i32;
let r2 = &mut num as *mut i32;
unsafe { *r2 += 1; }
智能指针与内存管理
Box<T> 提供单一所有权堆分配；Rc<T> 允许多所有权但仅线程安全；Arc<T> 为原子引用计数；Mutex<T> 提供线程内部可变性。这些类型通过析构器自动释放内存。
use std::rc::Rc;
let a = Rc::new(42);
let b = a.clone(); // 引用计数增加
内存安全与零成本抽象
Rust 的模型通过编译时检查消除数据竞争和内存泄漏。所有权系统无需运行时开销，与手动管理性能相当。unsafe 代码块明确标记潜在风险区域，隔离安全与不安全逻辑。
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