Python3玩转MongoDB全攻略

Python3 MongoDB 使用指南

安装与连接

确保已安装Python3和MongoDB。使用pip安装PyMongo驱动：

pip install pymongo

建立与MongoDB的连接：

from pymongo import MongoClient
client = MongoClient('mongodb://localhost:27017/')
db = client['example_db']  # 选择数据库
collection = db['example_collection']  # 选择集合

基本CRUD操作

插入文档：

document = {"name": "Alice", "age": 25, "city": "New York"}
insert_result = collection.insert_one(document)
print(insert_result.inserted_id)

查询文档：

find_result = collection.find({"age": {"$gt": 20}})
for doc in find_result:
    print(doc)

更新文档：

update_result = collection.update_one(
    {"name": "Alice"},
    {"$set": {"age": 26}}
)
print(update_result.modified_count)

删除文档：

delete_result = collection.delete_one({"name": "Alice"})
print(delete_result.deleted_count)

高级查询技巧

使用聚合管道：

pipeline = [
    {"$match": {"age": {"$gt": 20}}},
    {"$group": {"_id": "$city", "count": {"$sum": 1}}}
]
agg_result = collection.aggregate(pipeline)
for doc in agg_result:
    print(doc)

创建索引提升查询性能：

collection.create_index([("name", pymongo.ASCENDING)])

事务处理

MongoDB 4.0+支持多文档事务：

with client.start_session() as session:
    with session.start_transaction():
        collection.insert_one({"name": "Bob"}, session=session)
        collection.update_one(
            {"name": "Alice"},
            {"$set": {"status": "updated"}},
            session=session
        )

性能优化

批量插入代替单条插入：

documents = [{"name": f"User{i}"} for i in range(1000)]
collection.insert_many(documents)

使用投影减少返回数据量：

collection.find({"age": {"$gt": 20}}, {"name": 1, "_id": 0})

安全实践

启用身份验证：

client = MongoClient(
    'mongodb://username:password@localhost:27017/',
    authSource='admin'
)

使用SSL加密连接：

client = MongoClient(
    'mongodb://localhost:27017/',
    ssl=True,
    ssl_cert_reqs=ssl.CERT_NONE
)

错误处理

实现健壮的错误处理机制：

try:
    collection.insert_one({"invalid": "data"})
except pymongo.errors.DuplicateKeyError:
    print("Duplicate key error")
except pymongo.errors.OperationFailure as e:
    print(f"Operation failed: {e.details}")

监控与维护

获取集合统计信息：

stats = collection.stats()
print(f"文档数量: {stats['count']}")
print(f"存储大小: {stats['size']} bytes")

定期执行压缩操作：

db.command("compact", "example_collection")

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