Linux高手速成：30个必学指令全解析

Linux指令进阶：从入门到熟练的实操指南

基础指令回顾与强化

掌握基础指令是进阶的前提。ls -l可查看文件详细信息，包括权限、所有者、大小等。grep配合正则表达式能实现复杂文本搜索，例如grep -E "pattern" file支持扩展正则匹配。find指令通过-exec参数实现查找后操作，如find /path -name "*.txt" -exec rm {} \;。

awk和sed是文本处理利器。awk '{print $1}' file提取第一列，sed 's/old/new/g'全局替换文本。管道符|串联指令，例如ps aux | grep nginx筛选进程。

系统管理与性能监控

top和htop实时监控系统资源，vmstat 1显示内存和CPU使用情况。df -h查看磁盘空间，du -sh *统计目录大小。free -m显示内存使用，-m参数以MB为单位。

systemctl管理服务，systemctl start nginx启动服务，systemctl enable nginx设置开机自启。journalctl -u nginx --since "2023-01-01"查看指定服务的日志。

网络操作与安全

netstat -tuln查看监听端口，ss -plnt显示进程绑定的端口。tcpdump -i eth0 port 80抓取指定端口的网络包。curl和wget下载文件，curl -O URL保存远程文件。

iptables配置防火墙规则，iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT允许SSH连接。chmod和chown管理权限，chmod 600 file设置仅所有者可读写。

脚本自动化与高级技巧

Shell脚本中${var%%pattern}删除变量尾部匹配，$(command)捕获命令输出。crontab -e编辑定时任务，* * * * * /path/script.sh设置每分钟执行。

rsync -avz /src user@host:/dest同步文件，-z启用压缩。tar -czvf archive.tar.gz dir/打包压缩目录。screen或tmux管理会话，实现远程工作持久化。

调试与故障排查

strace -p PID跟踪进程系统调用，lsof -i :80查看占用端口的进程。dmesg | grep error筛选内核错误日志。gdb调试二进制程序，-c参数分析核心转储。

/proc文件系统提供运行时信息，cat /proc/cpuinfo显示CPU详情。perf工具进行性能分析，perf stat ls统计命令执行性能。

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