Qt串口通信全攻略：从配置到实战

串口通信基础

串口（Serial Port）是一种硬件接口，用于设备间的异步串行通信。在工业控制、嵌入式设备中广泛应用。Qt提供了QSerialPort类，支持跨平台串口操作，需包含头文件<QSerialPort>和<QSerialPortInfo>。

环境配置

1. Qt项目配置
   在pro文件中添加串口模块依赖：

   QT += serialport
   

2. 检查可用串口
   通过QSerialPortInfo获取系统串口列表：

   foreach (const QSerialPortInfo &info, QSerialPortInfo::availablePorts()) {
       qDebug() << "Port:" << info.portName();
       qDebug() << "Description:" << info.description();
   }
   

串口参数设置

关键参数包括波特率、数据位、停止位、校验位。示例配置：

QSerialPort serial;
serial.setPortName("COM1"); // Windows示例，Linux通常为"/dev/ttyS0"
serial.setBaudRate(QSerialPort::Baud9600);
serial.setDataBits(QSerialPort::Data8);
serial.setParity(QSerialPort::NoParity);
serial.setStopBits(QSerialPort::OneStop);
serial.setFlowControl(QSerialPort::NoFlowControl);
if (!serial.open(QIODevice::ReadWrite)) {
    qDebug() << "Failed to open port:" << serial.errorString();
}

数据读写操作

1. 写入数据
   使用write()发送数据，需确保端口已打开：

   QByteArray sendData = "Hello Serial";
   qint64 bytesWritten = serial.write(sendData);
   if (bytesWritten == -1) {
       qDebug() << "Write error:" << serial.errorString();
   }
   

2. 读取数据
   通过readyRead信号触发读取：

   QObject::connect(&serial, &QSerialPort::readyRead, [&]() {
       QByteArray data = serial.readAll();
       qDebug() << "Received:" << data;
   });
   

错误处理与调试

• 错误信号：监听errorOccurred信号捕获异常：

  QObject::connect(&serial, &QSerialPort::errorOccurred, [&](QSerialPort::SerialPortError error) {
      if (error != QSerialPort::NoError) {
          qDebug() << "Error:" << serial.errorString();
      }
  });
  

• 超时设置：通过setRequestToSend和setDataTerminalReady控制硬件流超时。

示例：完整收发流程

QSerialPort serial;
// 配置参数（略）
if (serial.open(QIODevice::ReadWrite)) {
    serial.write("Test Message");
    while (serial.waitForReadyRead(1000)) { // 等待1秒
        QByteArray response = serial.readAll();
        while (serial.waitForReadyRead(10))
            response += serial.readAll();
        qDebug() << "Response:" << response;
    }
} else {
    qDebug() << "Open failed:" << serial.errorString();
}
serial.close();

注意事项

• 跨平台差异：Windows使用COMx，Linux/macOS使用/dev/ttyX。
• 权限问题：Linux需确保用户有串口设备访问权限（如加入dialout组）。
• 资源释放：程序退出前调用close()释放端口。

通过以上步骤可实现Qt下的串口通信功能，适用于数据采集、设备调试等场景。

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