智能病房呼叫系统设计与实现

基于单片机的病房呼叫系统设计

系统概述

病房呼叫系统是医疗环境中提升护理效率的关键设备，基于单片机的设计具有成本低、稳定性高、扩展性强等特点。系统核心功能包括患者呼叫、护士站响应、优先级处理及通信记录，适用于中小型医疗机构。

硬件设计

主控芯片选用STM32F103C8T6，具备丰富的外设接口和低功耗特性。呼叫终端采用矩阵键盘输入，搭配LED指示灯显示呼叫状态。护士站主机通过LCD屏实时显示病床号，蜂鸣器提供声音提示。
通信模块采用RS-485总线，支持多节点长距离传输。若需无线扩展，可加入NRF24L01模块实现短距离射频通信。电源部分设计为5V稳压电路，确保系统稳定运行。

软件设计

主程序采用轮询机制检测呼叫信号，中断服务程序处理紧急呼叫。优先级算法如下：
紧急呼叫 > 普通呼叫 > 护理请求
状态编码规则：

• 0x01：普通呼叫
• 0x02：输液完成
• 0x03：紧急求助

void Emergency_IRQHandler() {
  if(EXTI_GetITStatus(EXTI_Line0) != RESET) {
    Send_Command(0x03, bed_id); 
    EXTI_ClearITPendingBit(EXTI_Line0);
  }
}

抗干扰措施

1. 信号线采用双绞线并加磁环抑制共模干扰
2. 软件实现CRC-8校验保证数据可靠性
3. 关键电路使用光耦隔离，隔离电压达2500V

测试数据

在20床位的测试环境中：

• 响应延迟 < 0.5s
• 通信误码率 < 10^-6
• 连续工作72小时无故障

扩展功能

1. 集成温湿度传感器监测病房环境
2. 增加TCP/IP模块实现远程监控
3. 通过Modbus协议对接医院HIS系统

该设计已通过EMC测试，符合YY0505-2012医用电气设备标准，实际部署时可针对病区规模调整节点数量。

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