智能病房呼叫系统高效解决方案

基于单片机的病房呼叫系统设计

系统概述

病房呼叫系统是医疗环境中用于患者与医护人员快速通信的关键设备。基于单片机的设计具有成本低、稳定性高、易于扩展等优势。系统核心功能包括患者呼叫、护士站响应、优先级管理及实时显示。

硬件设计

主控芯片选择：推荐使用STC89C52或STM32F103系列单片机，具备足够的I/O接口和中断处理能力。
呼叫按键模块：每个病床配备独立按键，通过矩阵键盘或独立按键连接至单片机I/O口。
显示模块：采用LCD1602或OLED屏幕实时显示呼叫床位号，护士站可加装蜂鸣器或LED报警提示。
通信模块：若需多护士站协同，可通过RS485或无线模块（如NRF24L01）实现数据同步。

软件设计

中断处理：按键触发外部中断，单片机立即响应并记录床位号。中断服务程序需防抖处理。

void EXTI0_IRQHandler() {
    if (按键按下) {
        delay_ms(20); // 防抖
        发送床位号至护士站；
    }
}

优先级逻辑：通过软件定义紧急呼叫（如ICU床位）的优先响应，中断嵌套或标志位判断实现。
护士站处理：接收数据后，单片机驱动显示屏更新信息，并触发声光报警直至医护人员确认。

抗干扰措施

• 电源端加装滤波电容，信号线采用屏蔽线。
• 软件层面添加看门狗定时器（WDT），防止程序跑飞。
• 通信协议中加入校验位（如CRC8），避免数据错误。

扩展功能

• 历史记录存储：通过EEPROM或SD卡模块保存呼叫记录，便于后续分析。
• 双向通信：护士站可发送“已响应”信号，患者端接收后关闭呼叫提示。
• 物联网集成：通过Wi-Fi模块（ESP8266）将数据上传至云端，实现远程监控。

测试与优化

• 单元测试：逐项验证按键、显示、通信功能。
• 压力测试：模拟多床位同时呼叫，检查系统响应延迟与稳定性。
• 功耗优化：低功耗模式下待机，唤醒后全速运行以延长设备寿命。

该设计兼顾实用性与扩展性，可根据实际需求调整硬件选型或软件逻辑，适用于中小型医疗机构。

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