队列源码全解析：从入门到精通

队列的基本概念

队列是一种先进先出（FIFO）的线性数据结构，只允许在表的前端进行删除操作，在表的后端进行插入操作。队列的应用场景广泛，如任务调度、消息队列等。

队列的初始化

队列的初始化通常包括创建一个空队列，并设置队列的头指针和尾指针。以下是使用C语言实现的队列初始化代码：

typedef struct {
    int *data;
    int front;
    int rear;
    int size;
} Queue;

Queue* initQueue(int size) {
    Queue *q = (Queue*)malloc(sizeof(Queue));
    q->data = (int*)malloc(size * sizeof(int));
    q->front = -1;
    q->rear = -1;
    q->size = size;
    return q;
}

入队操作

入队操作是将元素添加到队列的尾部。如果队列已满，则无法继续添加元素。以下是入队操作的实现：

int enqueue(Queue *q, int value) {
    if (q->rear == q->size - 1) {
        printf("Queue is full\n");
        return -1;
    }
    if (q->front == -1) {
        q->front = 0;
    }
    q->rear++;
    q->data[q->rear] = value;
    return 0;
}

出队操作

出队操作是从队列的头部移除元素。如果队列为空，则无法进行出队操作。以下是出队操作的实现：

int dequeue(Queue *q) {
    if (q->front == -1 || q->front > q->rear) {
        printf("Queue is empty\n");
        return -1;
    }
    int value = q->data[q->front];
    q->front++;
    if (q->front > q->rear) {
        q->front = q->rear = -1;
    }
    return value;
}

队列的源码全解析

以下是一个完整的队列实现，包括初始化、入队、出队以及队列状态的检查：

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

typedef struct {
    int *data;
    int front;
    int rear;
    int size;
} Queue;

Queue* initQueue(int size) {
    Queue *q = (Queue*)malloc(sizeof(Queue));
    q->data = (int*)malloc(size * sizeof(int));
    q->front = -1;
    q->rear = -1;
    q->size = size;
    return q;
}

int isFull(Queue *q) {
    return q->rear == q->size - 1;
}

int isEmpty(Queue *q) {
    return q->front == -1 || q->front > q->rear;
}

int enqueue(Queue *q, int value) {
    if (isFull(q)) {
        printf("Queue is full\n");
        return -1;
    }
    if (isEmpty(q)) {
        q->front = 0;
    }
    q->rear++;
    q->data[q->rear] = value;
    return 0;
}

int dequeue(Queue *q) {
    if (isEmpty(q)) {
        printf("Queue is empty\n");
        return -1;
    }
    int value = q->data[q->front];
    q->front++;
    if (q->front > q->rear) {
        q->front = q->rear = -1;
    }
    return value;
}

void printQueue(Queue *q) {
    if (isEmpty(q)) {
        printf("Queue is empty\n");
        return;
    }
    for (int i = q->front; i <= q->rear; i++) {
        printf("%d ", q->data[i]);
    }
    printf("\n");
}

int main() {
    Queue *q = initQueue(5);
    enqueue(q, 1);
    enqueue(q, 2);
    enqueue(q, 3);
    printQueue(q);
    dequeue(q);
    printQueue(q);
    return 0;
}

队列的应用场景

队列在计算机科学中有广泛的应用，如操作系统中的进程调度、网络中的数据包传输、打印任务队列等。理解队列的基本操作和实现原理，有助于在实际开发中更好地利用这一数据结构。

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