STM32串口Bootloader开发实战

STM32串口Bootloader入门指南

硬件准备

STM32开发板（如STM32F103C8T6） USB转TTL串口模块（如CH340） STM32CubeMX软件 Keil MDK或IAR嵌入式开发环境

Bootloader基本原理

Bootloader是存储在芯片起始地址的一段特殊程序，负责在芯片上电后执行初始化操作，并通过特定接口（如串口）接收新固件并写入闪存。STM32内置了系统存储器Bootloader，但自定义Bootloader可提供更灵活的更新方式。

工程配置

使用STM32CubeMX创建新工程，选择对应型号芯片。配置USART1为异步模式，波特率115200，8位数据位，无校验位。启用全局中断，配置时钟树确保外设时钟正确。生成代码并导入Keil/IAR工程。

Bootloader代码实现

以下为关键代码片段，实现跳转和串口通信功能：

#define APP_ADDRESS 0x08004000 //应用程序起始地址

void JumpToApp(void) {
  typedef void (*pFunction)(void);
  pFunction Jump_To_Application;
  uint32_t JumpAddress;

  if (((*(__IO uint32_t*)APP_ADDRESS) & 0x2FFE0000 ) == 0x20000000) {
    JumpAddress = *(__IO uint32_t*)(APP_ADDRESS + 4);
    Jump_To_Application = (pFunction)JumpAddress;
    __set_MSP(*(__IO uint32_t*)APP_ADDRESS);
    Jump_To_Application();
  }
}

固件接收与写入

通过串口接收固件数据并写入闪存：

void Flash_Write(uint32_t address, uint8_t *data, uint32_t len) {
  HAL_FLASH_Unlock();
  FLASH_EraseInitTypeDef EraseInit;
  uint32_t PageError = 0;
  
  EraseInit.TypeErase = FLASH_TYPEERASE_PAGES;
  EraseInit.PageAddress = address;
  EraseInit.NbPages = (len + FLASH_PAGE_SIZE - 1) / FLASH_PAGE_SIZE;
  HAL_FLASHEx_Erase(&EraseInit, &PageError);

  for(uint32_t i = 0; i < len; i += 4) {
    HAL_FLASH_Program(FLASH_TYPEPROGRAM_WORD, address + i, 
                     *(uint32_t*)(data + i));
  }
  HAL_FLASH_Lock();
}

应用程序配置

应用程序工程需要修改链接脚本，将起始地址设置为0x08004000。在SystemInit函数中添加中断向量表偏移配置：

SCB->VTOR = FLASH_BASE | 0x4000;

通信协议设计

建议采用简单协议格式： [命令头][数据长度][数据内容][校验和] 例如使用YMODEM协议可简化实现。

测试验证

编译Bootloader并烧录到芯片0x08000000地址。编译应用程序并生成.bin文件。使用串口工具发送固件文件，观察芯片是否正常跳转到应用程序执行。

注意事项

确保Bootloader和应用程序使用相同时钟配置 闪存操作期间禁止中断 保留足够的堆栈空间 添加超时机制防止程序卡死 实现完整的错误处理流程

通过以上步骤可实现基础的串口Bootloader功能。实际项目中可增加加密、断点续传等高级特性提升可靠性。

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