Python云端操作MySQL全攻略

云端服务器使用指南：利用Python操作MySQL数据库

准备工作

确保已安装Python环境及必要的库。推荐使用Python 3.6及以上版本。安装MySQL数据库驱动库mysql-connector-python或PyMySQL。

pip install mysql-connector-python
# 或
pip install pymysql

确保云端服务器已安装MySQL服务，并开放了远程访问权限。修改MySQL配置文件my.cnf，注释掉bind-address或设置为0.0.0.0。

# bind-address = 127.0.0.1

连接MySQL数据库

使用Python连接云端MySQL数据库需要提供主机地址、端口、用户名、密码及数据库名称。

import mysql.connector

config = {
    'host': 'your_cloud_server_ip',
    'port': 3306,
    'user': 'your_username',
    'password': 'your_password',
    'database': 'your_database'
}

connection = mysql.connector.connect(**config)
cursor = connection.cursor()

若使用PyMySQL，连接方式类似：

import pymysql

connection = pymysql.connect(
    host='your_cloud_server_ip',
    user='your_username',
    password='your_password',
    database='your_database'
)
cursor = connection.cursor()

执行SQL查询

通过游标执行SQL语句。查询数据使用SELECT，插入数据使用INSERT，更新数据使用UPDATE，删除数据使用DELETE。

# 查询数据
cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM users")
results = cursor.fetchall()
for row in results:
    print(row)

# 插入数据
sql = "INSERT INTO users (name, email) VALUES (%s, %s)"
values = ("Alice", "alice@example.com")
cursor.execute(sql, values)
connection.commit()

# 更新数据
sql = "UPDATE users SET email = %s WHERE name = %s"
values = ("new_email@example.com", "Alice")
cursor.execute(sql, values)
connection.commit()

# 删除数据
sql = "DELETE FROM users WHERE name = %s"
values = ("Alice",)
cursor.execute(sql, values)
connection.commit()

事务处理

MySQL支持事务操作，确保数据一致性。通过commit()提交事务，rollback()回滚事务。

try:
    cursor.execute("INSERT INTO users (name, email) VALUES (%s, %s)", ("Bob", "bob@example.com"))
    cursor.execute("UPDATE users SET email = %s WHERE name = %s", ("bob_new@example.com", "Bob"))
    connection.commit()
except Exception as e:
    print(f"Error: {e}")
    connection.rollback()

关闭连接

完成数据库操作后，关闭游标和连接以释放资源。

cursor.close()
connection.close()

安全性建议

• 使用环境变量存储敏感信息（如数据库密码）。
• 通过SSH隧道连接云端MySQL数据库，避免直接暴露端口。
• 使用ORM库（如SQLAlchemy）简化操作并提升安全性。

import os
from dotenv import load_dotenv

load_dotenv()
password = os.getenv('DB_PASSWORD')

性能优化

• 使用连接池管理数据库连接，避免频繁创建和关闭连接。
• 为常用查询字段创建索引，提升查询效率。
• 批量插入数据时使用executemany()。

# 批量插入
sql = "INSERT INTO users (name, email) VALUES (%s, %s)"
values = [("Alice", "alice@example.com"), ("Bob", "bob@example.com")]
cursor.executemany(sql, values)
connection.commit()

通过以上步骤，可以高效且安全地在云端服务器上使用Python操作MySQL数据库。

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