Java 多线程同步常用的三种方法

一 、为什么要线程同步


因为当我们有多个线程要同时访问一个变量或对象时,如果这些线程中既有读又有写操作时,就会导致变量值或对象的状态出现混乱,从而导致程序异常。举个例子,如果一个银行账户同时被两个线程操作,一个取100块,一个存钱100块。假设账户原本有0块,如果取钱线程和存钱线程同时发生,会出现什么结果呢?取钱不成功,账户余额是100.取钱成功了,账户余额是0.那到底是哪个呢?很难说清楚。因此多线程同步就是要解决这个问题。

二、同步时的代码

1、synchronized锁住方法 同步方法

即有synchronized关键字修饰的方法。 由于java的每个对象都有一个内置锁,当用此关键字修饰方法时,内置锁会保护整个方法。在调用该方法前,需要获得内置锁,否则就处于阻塞状态。

<pre class="prettyprint hljs gradle" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">package com.company.model;

public class Bank {
private int count =0;//账户余额

//存钱 public synchronized void addMoney(int money){

    count +=money;
    System.out.println(System.currentTimeMillis()+"存进:"+money);
} //取钱 public synchronized void subMoney(int money){ if(count-money < 0){
        System.out.println("余额不足"); return;
    }
    count -=money;
    System.out.println(+System.currentTimeMillis()+"取出:"+money);
} //查询 public void lookMoney(){
    System.out.println("账户余额:"+count);
}

}</pre>

<pre class="hljs" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">测试方法:</pre>

<pre class="prettyprint hljs java" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">package com.company;

import com.company.model.Bank;

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) { // write your code here final Bank bank=new Bank();

    Thread tadd=new Thread(new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { // TODO Auto-generated method stub while(true){ try {
                    Thread.sleep(1000);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) { // TODO Auto-generated catch block e.printStackTrace();
                }
                bank.addMoney(100);
                bank.lookMoney();
                System.out.println("\n");

            }
        }
    });

    Thread tsub = new Thread(new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { // TODO Auto-generated method stub while(true){
                bank.subMoney(100);
                bank.lookMoney();
                System.out.println("\n"); try {
                    Thread.sleep(1000);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) { // TODO Auto-generated catch block e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        }
    });
    tsub.start();

    tadd.start();
}

}</pre>

执行结果:

<pre class="prettyprint hljs" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">余额不足
账户余额:0

余额不足
账户余额:0

162****234927存进:100
账户余额:100

162****235935存进:100
账户余额:200

162****235935取出:100
账户余额:100

162****236944取出:100
账户余额:0</pre>

注: synchronized关键字也可以修饰静态方法,此时如果调用该静态方法,将会锁住整个类。

2、同步代码块

<pre class="prettyprint hljs gradle" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">package com.company.model;

public class Bank {
private int count =0;//账户余额

//存钱 public void addMoney(int money){ synchronized(this) {
        count += money;
    }
    System.out.println(System.currentTimeMillis()+"存进:"+money);
} //取钱 public void subMoney(int money){ if(count-money < 0){
        System.out.println("余额不足"); return;
    } synchronized(this) {
        count -= money;
    }
    System.out.println(+System.currentTimeMillis()+"取出:"+money);
} //查询 public void lookMoney(){
    System.out.println("账户余额:"+count);
}

}</pre>

效果和方法1差不多。

注:同步是一种高开销的操作,因此应该尽量减少同步的内容。通常没有必要同步整个方法,使用synchronized代码块同步关键代码即可。

3、使用重入锁实现线程同步

在JavaSE5.0中新增了一个java.util.concurrent包来支持同步。ReentrantLock类是可重入、互斥、实现了Lock接口的锁, 它与使用synchronized方法和块具有相同的基本行为和语义,并且扩展了其能力。ReenreantLock类的常用方法有:ReentrantLock() :创建一个ReentrantLock实例lock() :获得锁unlock() :释放锁注:ReentrantLock()还有一个可以创建公平锁的构造方法,但由于能大幅度降低程序运行效率,不推荐使用。

Bank.java代码修改如下:

<pre class="prettyprint hljs cs" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">package com.company.model;

import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;

public class Bank {
private int count = 0;//账户余额
//需要声明这个锁
private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();

//存钱 public void addMoney(int money) {
    lock.lock(); //加锁 try {
        count += money;
        System.out.println(System.currentTimeMillis() + "存进:" + money);
    } catch (Exception e) {
        lock.unlock();//解锁 } finally {
        lock.unlock();//解锁 }
} //取钱 public void subMoney(int money) {
    lock.lock();//加锁 try { if (count - money < 0) {
            System.out.println("余额不足"); return;
        } synchronized (this) {
            count -= money;
        }
        System.out.println(+System.currentTimeMillis() + "取出:" + money);
    } catch (Exception e) {
        lock.unlock();//解锁 } finally {
        lock.unlock();//解锁 }
} //查询 public void lookMoney() {
    System.out.println("账户余额:" + count);
}

}</pre>

#java##程序员的日常#
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涨知识了,感谢分享
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发布于 2022-07-15 13:10

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