Python学习之Day05：定制数据对象与面向对象编程

面向对象编程基础

面向对象编程（OOP）的核心思想是将数据与操作数据的方法封装为对象。Python通过类和对象实现OOP，类定义对象的属性和方法，对象是类的实例。

定义类的语法如下：

class Person:
    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age

    def greet(self):
        return f"Hello, my name is {self.name}"

__init__是构造函数，用于初始化对象属性。
self表示类的实例，通过它访问属性和方法。

定制数据对象

通过类可以创建定制化的数据对象，例如表示二维坐标的点：

class Point:
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        self.x = x
        self.y = y

    def distance_to_origin(self):
        return (self.x**2 + self.y**2)**0.5

调用方式：

p = Point(3, 4)
print(p.distance_to_origin())  # 输出5.0

类属性与实例属性

类属性属于类本身，所有实例共享。
实例属性属于单个对象。

class Dog:
    species = "Canis familiaris"  # 类属性

    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name  # 实例属性

继承与多态

继承允许子类复用父类的功能并扩展：

class Animal:
    def speak(self):
        raise NotImplementedError("Subclass must implement")

class Dog(Animal):
    def speak(self):
        return "Woof!"

多态指不同子类对同一方法的不同实现。

魔术方法定制对象行为

通过__str__、__eq__等魔术方法自定义对象行为：

class Point:
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        self.x = x
        self.y = y

    def __str__(self):
        return f"Point({self.x}, {self.y})"

    def __eq__(self, other):
        return self.x == other.x and self.y == other.y

封装与属性控制

使用@property装饰器控制属性访问：

class Temperature:
    def __init__(self, celsius):
        self._celsius = celsius

    @property
    def celsius(self):
        return self._celsius

    @celsius.setter
    def celsius(self, value):
        if value < -273.15:
            raise ValueError("Temperature below absolute zero")
        self._celsius = value

应用示例：学生管理系统

结合OOP实现简单学生管理：

class Student:
    def __init__(self, id, name, score):
        self.id = id
        self.name = name
        self.score = score

    def __str__(self):
        return f"ID: {self.id}, Name: {self.name}, Score: {self.score}"

class StudentManager:
    def __init__(self):
        self.students = []

    def add_student(self, student):
        self.students.append(student)

通过以上内容，可以系统掌握Python中面向对象编程的核心概念与实践方法。

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Python面向对象编程实战指南