4. The word "engender" in the

Urbanization in developing countries is one of the most significant demographic shifts of the 21st century. Drawn by the promise of economic opportunities and better access to services, millions of people migrate from rural to urban areas annually. This rapid urban expansion can be a powerful driver of economic growth, concentrating labor and capital, fostering innovation, and creating economies of scale. Cities often serve as hubs of commerce and gateways to the global economy. However, when this growth is unplanned and poorly managed, it can engender a host of formidable social and environmental problems.

Many cities in the developing world are struggling to cope with the sheer speed and scale of population growth. The provision of basic infrastructure—such as housing, clean water, sanitation, and electricity—often fails to keep pace with the influx of new residents. This leads to the proliferation of informal settlements or slums, characterized by overcrowding, insecure housing, and a lack of basic services. The strain on public transportation systems results in chronic traffic congestion and air pollution, while inadequate waste management systems pose significant public health risks.

Addressing the challenges of rapid urbanization requires proactive and integrated urban planning. This involves not only investing in physical infrastructure but also in social services like education and healthcare. Land-use planning is critical to prevent urban sprawl and protect valuable ecosystems. Furthermore, strengthening municipal governance and finance is essential to empower city authorities to manage growth effectively and raise the necessary revenue for public investments. The goal is to foster the creation of cities that are not just engines of economic growth, but are also inclusive, resilient, and sustainable, ensuring a high quality of life for all their inhabitants.