Java秋招之Spring生态系统
第6章 Spring生态系统
面试重要程度:⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
常见提问方式:Spring IOC原理、AOP实现、循环依赖解决
预计阅读时间:45分钟
开场白
兄弟,Spring绝对是Java后端面试的重中之重!我敢说,99%的Java面试都会问到Spring相关的问题。不管是IOC、AOP,还是Spring Boot,这些都是必考内容。
今天我们就把Spring的核心原理彻底搞清楚,让你在面试中展现出对Spring框架的深度理解。
🌱 6.1 Spring Boot 3.0+新特性
GraalVM原生镜像支持
面试热点:
面试官:"Spring Boot 3.0有什么重要的新特性?GraalVM原生镜像有什么优势?"
核心特性:
// 1. 支持AOT(Ahead-of-Time)编译
@SpringBootApplication
public class NativeApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(NativeApplication.class, args);
}
}
// 2. 构建原生镜像
// mvn -Pnative native:compile
// 或者使用Docker
// docker build -f Dockerfile.native -t myapp-native .
原生镜像的优势:
启动时间:从秒级降到毫秒级(50-100ms) 内存占用:从几百MB降到几十MB 镜像大小:从几百MB降到几十MB 冷启动:适合Serverless和容器化场景
实际对比:
# 传统JVM应用 启动时间:2-5秒 内存占用:200-500MB 镜像大小:200-300MB # GraalVM原生镜像 启动时间:50-100ms 内存占用:20-50MB 镜像大小:50-100MB
响应式编程WebFlux
面试重点:
// 传统的Spring MVC(阻塞式)
@RestController
public class TraditionalController {
@Autowired
private UserService userService;
@GetMapping("/users/{id}")
public User getUser(@PathVariable Long id) {
return userService.findById(id); // 阻塞调用
}
}
// Spring WebFlux(响应式)
@RestController
public class ReactiveController {
@Autowired
private ReactiveUserService userService;
@GetMapping("/users/{id}")
public Mono<User> getUser(@PathVariable Long id) {
return userService.findById(id); // 非阻塞调用
}
@GetMapping("/users")
public Flux<User> getAllUsers() {
return userService.findAll()
.delayElements(Duration.ofMillis(100)); // 背压处理
}
}
响应式编程的优势:
// 高并发处理能力
@Service
public class ReactiveUserService {
@Autowired
private ReactiveUserRepository repository;
public Flux<User> findAll() {
return repository.findAll()
.publishOn(Schedulers.parallel()) // 并行处理
.map(this::enrichUser) // 数据增强
.filter(user -> user.isActive()) // 过滤
.onErrorResume(ex -> { // 错误处理
log.error("Error processing user", ex);
return Flux.empty();
});
}
private User enrichUser(User user) {
// 异步调用其他服务
return user;
}
}
🏗️ 6.2 IOC容器核心原理
Bean生命周期详解
面试必问:
面试官:"说说Spring Bean的生命周期,每个阶段都做什么?"
完整生命周期:
@Component
public class LifecycleBean implements BeanNameAware, BeanFactoryAware,
ApplicationContextAware, InitializingBean, DisposableBean {
private String beanName;
private BeanFactory beanFactory;
private ApplicationContext applicationContext;
// 1. 构造器
public LifecycleBean() {
System.out.println("1. 构造器执行");
}
// 2. 设置属性
@Value("${app.name:default}")
private String appName;
// 3. Aware接口回调
@Override
public void setBeanName(String name) {
this.beanName = name;
System.out.println("3. setBeanName: " + name);
}
@Override
public void setBeanFactory(BeanFactory beanFactory) {
this.beanFactory = beanFactory;
System.out.println("3. setBeanFactory");
}
@Override
public void setApplicationContext(ApplicationContext applicationContext) {
this.applicationContext = applicationContext;
System.out.println("3. setApplicationContext");
}
// 4. BeanPostProcessor前置处理
// 由框架调用,这里只是说明
// 5. InitializingBean接口
@Override
public void afterPropertiesSet() {
System.out.println("5. afterPropertiesSet");
}
// 6. 自定义初始化方法
@PostConstruct
public void customInit() {
System.out.println("6. @PostConstruct");
}
// 7. BeanPostProcessor后置处理
// 由框架调用,这里只是说明
// 8. Bean可以使用了
public void doSomething() {
System.out.println("8. Bean正在工作...");
}
// 9. DisposableBean接口
@Override
public void destroy() {
System.out.println("9. destroy");
}
// 10. 自定义销毁方法
@PreDestroy
public void customDestroy() {
System.out.println("10. @PreDestroy");
}
}
自定义BeanPostProcessor:
@Component
public class CustomBeanPostProcessor implements BeanPostProcessor {
@Override
public Object postProcessBeforeInitialization(Object bean, String beanName) {
if (bean instanceof LifecycleBean) {
System.out.println("4. BeanPostProcessor前置处理: " + beanName);
}
return bean;
}
@Override
public Object postProcessAfterInitialization(Object bean, String beanName) {
if (bean instanceof LifecycleBean) {
System.out.println("7. BeanPostProcessor后置处理: " + beanName);
}
return bean;
}
}
循环依赖三级缓存解决方案
面试高频:
面试官:"Spring是如何解决循环依赖的?三级缓存是什么?"
循环依赖场景:
@Service
public class ServiceA {
@Autowired
private ServiceB serviceB;
public void methodA() {
serviceB.methodB();
}
}
@Service
public class ServiceB {
@Autowired
private ServiceA serviceA;
public void methodB() {
serviceA.methodA();
}
}
三级缓存机制:
public class DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry {
// 一级缓存:完成初始化的单例Bean
private final Map<String, Object> singletonObjects = new ConcurrentHashMap<>(256);
// 二级缓存:完成实例化但未初始化的Bean
private final Map<String, Object> earlySingletonObjects = new HashMap<>(16);
// 三级缓存:单例Bean的工厂
private final Map<String, ObjectFactory<?>> singletonFactories = new HashMap<>(16);
protected Object getSingleton(String beanName, boolean allowEarlyReference) {
// 1. 从一级缓存获取
Object singletonObject = this.singletonObjects.get(beanName);
if (singletonObject == null && isSingletonCurrentlyInCreation(beanName)) {
synchronized (this.singletonObjects) {
// 2. 从二级缓存获取
singletonObject = this.earlySingletonObjects.get(beanName);
if (singletonObject == null && allowEarlyReference) {
// 3. 从三级缓存获取
ObjectFactory<?> singletonFactory = this.singletonFactories.get(beanName);
if (singletonFactory != null) {
singletonObject = singletonFactory.getObject();
// 放入二级缓存
this.earlySingletonObjects.put(beanName, singletonObject);
// 从三级缓存移除
this.singletonFactories.remove(beanName);
}
}
}
}
return singletonObject;
}
}
解决过程详解:
// 循环依赖解决过程 // 1. 创建ServiceA // - 实例化ServiceA(构造器) // - 将ServiceA的ObjectFactory放入三级缓存 // - 填充ServiceA的属性(发现需要ServiceB) // 2. 创建ServiceB // - 实例化ServiceB(构造器) // - 将ServiceB的ObjectFactory放入三级缓存 // - 填充ServiceB的属性(发现需要ServiceA) // 3. 获取ServiceA // - 从三级缓存获取ServiceA的ObjectFactory // - 调用ObjectFactory.getObject()获取ServiceA实例 // - 将ServiceA放入二级缓存,从三级缓存移除 // 4. ServiceB初始化完成 // - ServiceB获得ServiceA的引用 // - ServiceB初始化完成,放入一级缓存 // 5. ServiceA初始化完成 // - ServiceA获得ServiceB的引用 // - ServiceA初始化完成,放入一级缓存
@Autowired vs @Resource
面试对比:
@Service
public class InjectionDemo {
// @Autowired:Spring注解,按类型注入
@Autowired
private UserService userService1;
// @Autowired + @Qualifier:指定Bean名称
@Autowired
@Qualifier("userServiceImpl")
private UserService userService2;
// @Resource:JDK注解,按名称注入
@Resource(name = "userServiceImpl")
private UserService userService3;
// @Resource:如果不指定name,按字段名查找
@Resource
private UserService userServiceImpl; // 会查找名为userServiceImpl的Bean
}
注入顺序对比:
@Autowired注入顺序: 1. 按类型查找Bean 2. 如果有多个,按@Primary注解 3. 如果没有@Primary,按@Qualifier指定 4. 如果没有@Qualifier,按字段名匹配 @Resource注入顺序: 1. 如果指定name,按name查找 2. 如果没有指定name,按字段名查找 3. 如果按名称找不到,按类型查找 4. 如果按类型找到多个,报错
🎯 6.3 AOP面向切面编程
JDK动态代理 vs CGLIB
面试重点:
面试官:"Spring AOP是如何实现的?JDK动态代理和CGLIB有什么区别?"
JDK动态代理实现:
// 1. 目标接口
public interface UserService {
void saveUser(String username);
User findUser(Long id);
}
// 2. 目标实现类
@Service
public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {
@Override
public void saveUser(String username) {
System.out.println("保存用户: " + username);
}
@Override
public User findUser(Long id) {
System.out.println("查找用户: " + id);
return new User(id, "user" + id);
}
}
// 3. JDK动态代理
public class JdkProxyDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
UserService target = new UserServiceImpl();
UserService proxy = (UserService) Proxy.newProxyInstance(
target.getClass().getClassLoader(),
target.getClass().getInterfaces(),
new InvocationHandler() {
@Override
public Object invoke(Object proxy, Method method, Object[] args) throws Throwable {
System.out.println("JDK代理 - 方法执行前: " + method.getName());
Object result = method.invoke(target, args);
System.out.println("JDK代理 - 方法执行后: " + method.getName());
return result;
}
}
);
proxy.saveUser("张三");
}
}
CGLIB代理实现:
// 1. 目标类(不需要接口)
@Service
public class OrderService {
public void createOrder(String orderNo) {
System.out.println("创建订单: " + orderNo);
}
}
// 2. CGLIB代理
public class CglibProxyDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Enhancer enhancer = new Enhancer();
enhancer.setSuperclass(OrderService.class);
enhancer.setCallback(new MethodInterceptor() {
@Override
public Object intercept(Object obj, Method method, Object[] args, MethodProxy proxy) throws Throwable {
System.out.println("CGLIB代理 - 方法执行前: " + method.getName());
Object result = proxy.invokeSuper(obj, args);
System.out.println("CGLIB代理 - 方法执行后: " + method.getName());
return result;
}
});
OrderService proxy = (OrderService) enhancer.create();
proxy.createOrder("ORDER001");
}
}
两种代理方式对比:
JDK动态代理: ✅ JDK原生支持,无需额外依赖 ✅ 性能较好(方法调用) ❌ 只能代理接口,不能代理类 ❌ 目标类必须实现接口 CGLIB代理: ✅ 可以代理类,不需要接口 ✅ 功能更强大 ❌ 需要额外依赖 ❌ 不能代理final类和final方法 ❌ 性能稍差(字节码生成)
Spring AOP实现原理
切面定义:
@Aspect
@Component
public class LoggingAspect {
// 切点表达式
@Pointcut("execution(* com.example.service.*.*(..))")
public void serviceLayer() {}
// 前置通知
@Before("serviceLayer()")
public void logBefore(JoinPoint joinPoint) {
String methodName = joinPoint.getSignature().getName();
Object[] args = joinPoint.getArgs();
System.out.println("方法执行前: " + methodName + ", 参数: " + Arrays.toString(args));
}
// 后置通知
@After("serviceLayer()")
public void logAfter(JoinPoint joinPoint) {
System.out.println("方法执行后: " + joinPoint.getSignature().getName());
}
// 返回通知
@AfterReturning(pointcut = "serviceLayer()", returning = "result")
public void logAfterReturning(JoinPoint joinPoint, Object result) {
System.out.println("方法返回: " + joinPoint.getSignature().getName() + ", 结果: " + result);
}
// 异常通知
@AfterThrowing(pointcut = "serviceLayer()", throwing = "ex")
public void logAfterThrowing(JoinPoint joinPoint, Exception ex) {
System.out.println("方法异常: " + joinPoint.getSignature().getName() + ", 异常: " + ex.getMessage());
}
// 环绕通知
@Around("serviceLayer()")
public Object logAround(ProceedingJoinPoint joinPoint) throws Throwable {
long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
System.out.println("环绕通知 - 开始: " + joinPoint.getSignature().getName());
try {
Object result = joinPoint.proceed(); // 执行目标方法
long endTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
System.out.println("环绕通知 - 结束: " + joinPoint.getSignature().getName() +
", 耗时: " + (endTime - startTime) + "ms");
return result;
} catch (Exception ex) {
System.out.println("环绕通知 - 异常: " + ex.getMessage());
throw ex;
}
}
}
切点表达式详解:
// 1. execution表达式
@Pointcut("execution(public * com.example.service.*.*(..))")
// 修饰符 返回类型 包名.类名.方法名(参数)
// 2. within表达式
@Pointcut("within(com.example.service.*)")
// 匹配包内的所有方法
// 3. this和target
@Pointcut("this(com.example.service.UserService)")
// this:代理对象是指定类型
// target:目标对象是指定类型
// 4. args表达式
@Pointcut("args(java.lang.String,..)")
// 匹配参数类型
// 5. @annotation表达式
@Pointcut("@annotation(com.example.annotation.Log)")
// 匹配有指定注解的方法
事务传播机制
面试重点:
面试官:"Spring事务的传播机制有哪些?什么时候用哪种?"
七种传播机制:
@Service
public class TransactionService {
// REQUIRED:默认,如果有事务就加入,没有就新建
@Transactional(propagation = Propagation.REQUIRED)
public void required() {
// 业务逻辑
}
// REQUIRES_NEW:总是新建事务,挂起当前事务
@Transactional(propagation = Propagation.REQUIRES_NEW)
public void requiresNew() {
// 独立事务,不受外部事务影响
}
// SUPPORTS:有事务就加入,没有就非事务执行
@Transactional(propagation = Propagation.SUPPORTS)
public void supports() {
// 支持事务但不强制
}
// NOT_SUPPORTED:总是非事务执行,挂起当前事务
@Transactional(propagation = Propagation.NOT_SUPPORTED)
public void notSupported() {
// 强制非事务执行
}
// MANDATORY:必须在事务中执行,否则抛异常
@Transactional(propagation = Propagation.MANDATORY)
public void mandatory() {
// 必须有事务
}
// NEVER:必须非事务执行,有事务就抛异常
@Transactional(propagation = Propagation.NEVER)
public void never() {
// 绝不能有事务
}
// NESTED:嵌套事务,基于Savepoint实现
@Transactional(propagation = Propagation.NESTED)
public void nested() {
// 嵌套事务,可以独立回滚
}
}
实际应用场景:
@Service
public class OrderService {
@Autowired
private PaymentService paymentService;
@Autowired
private LogService logService;
@Transactional
public void createOrder(Order order) {
// 1. 保存订单
saveOrder(order);
// 2. 处理支付(独立事务)
paymentService.processPayment(order.getPayment());
// 3. 记录日志(不影响主事务)
logService.logOrderCreation(order);
}
}
@Service
public class PaymentService {
// 支付使用独立事务,失败不影响订单创建
@Transactional(propagation = Propagation.REQUIRES_NEW)
public void processPayment(Payment payment) {
// 支付逻辑
if (payment.getAmount().compareTo(BigDecimal.ZERO) <= 0) {
throw new PaymentException("支付金额无效");
}
// 调用第三方支付
}
}
@Service
public class LogService {
// 日志记录不需要事务
@Transactional(propagation = Propagation.NOT_SUPPORTED)
public void logOrderCreation(Order order) {
// 记录日志,即使失败也不影响业务
try {
// 写入日志
} catch (Exception e) {
// 忽略日志异常
}
}
}
🚀 6.4 Spring MVC请求处理流程
DispatcherServlet工作原理
面试必问:
面试官:"说说Spring MVC的请求处理流程,DispatcherServlet是如何工作的?"
完整流程图:
客户端请求 → DispatcherServlet → HandlerMapping → Handler → HandlerAdapter → Controller → ModelAndView → ViewResolver → View → 响应
源码级别分析:
public class DispatcherServlet extends FrameworkServlet {
@Override
protected void doDispatch(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception {
HttpServletRequest processedRequest = request;
HandlerExecutionChain mappedHandler = null;
ModelAndView mv = null;
Exception dispatchException = null;
try {
// 1. 检查是否为文件上传请求
processedRequest = checkMultipart(request);
// 2. 根据请求找到对应的Handler
mappedHandler = getHandler(processedRequest);
if (mappedHandler == null) {
noHandlerFound(processedRequest, response);
return;
}
// 3. 根据Handler找到对应的HandlerAdapter
HandlerAdapter ha = getHandlerAdapter(mappedHandler.getHandler());
// 4. 执行拦截器的preHandle方法
if (!mappedHandler.applyPreHandle(processedRequest, response)) {
return;
}
// 5. 执行Handler(Controller方法)
mv = ha.handle(processedRequest, response, mappedHandler.getHandler());
// 6. 设置默认视图名
applyDefaultViewName(processedRequest, mv);
// 7. 执行拦截器的postHandle方法
mappedHandler.applyPostHandle(processedRequest, response, mv);
} catch (Exception ex) {
dispatchException = ex;
}
// 8. 处理结果(渲染视图或处理异常)
processDispatchResult(processedRequest, response, mappedHandler, mv, dispatchException);
}
}
参数解析与数据绑定
参数解析器:
@RestController
public class ParameterController {
// 1. 路径变量
@GetMapping("/users/{id}")
public User getUser(@PathVariable Long id) {
return userService.findById(id);
}
// 2. 请求参数
@GetMapping("/users")
public List<User> getUsers(@RequestParam(defaultValue = "0") int page,
@RequestParam(defaultValue = "10") int size) {
return userService.findUsers(page, size);
}
// 3. 请求体
@PostMapping("/users")
public User createUser(@RequestBody @Valid User user) {
return userService.save(user);
}
// 4. 请求头
@GetMapping("/info")
public String getInfo(@RequestHeader("User-Agent") String userAgent) {
return "User-Agent: " + userAgent;
}
// 5. Cookie
@GetMapping("/session")
public String getSession(@CookieValue("JSESSIONID") String sessionId) {
return "Session ID: " + sessionId;
}
// 6. 自定义参数解析
@GetMapping("/current-user")
public User getCurrentUser(@CurrentUser User user) {
return user;
}
}
// 自定义参数解析器
@Component
public class CurrentUserArgumentResolver implements HandlerMethodArgumentResolver {
@Override
public boolean supportsParameter(MethodParameter parameter) {
return parameter.hasParameterAnnotation(CurrentUser.class);
}
@Override
public Object resolveArgument(MethodParameter parameter, ModelAndViewContainer mavContainer,
NativeWebRequest webRequest, WebDataBinderFactory binderFactory) {
// 从请求中解析当前用户
String token = webRequest.getHeader("Authorization");
return parseUserFromToken(token);
}
private User parseUserFromToken(String token) {
// 解析token获取用户信息
return new User();
}
}
异常处理机制
全局异常处理:
@ControllerAdvice
public class GlobalExceptionHandler {
private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(GlobalExceptionHandler.class);
// 1. 处理参数校验异常
@ExceptionHandler(MethodArgumentNotValidException.class)
@ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST)
public ResponseEntity<ErrorResponse> handleValidationException(MethodArgumentNotValidException ex) {
List<String> errors = ex.getBindingResult()
.getFieldErrors()
.stream()
.map(error -> error.getField() + ": " + error.getDefaultMessage())
.collect(Collectors.toList());
ErrorResponse errorResponse = new ErrorResponse("参数校验失败", errors);
return ResponseEntity.badRequest().body(errorResponse);
}
// 2. 处理业务异常
@ExceptionHandler(BusinessException.class)
public ResponseEntity<ErrorResponse> handleBusinessException(BusinessException ex) {
logger.warn("业务异常: {}", ex.getMessage());
ErrorResponse errorResponse = new ErrorResponse(ex.getMessage(), ex.getCode());
return ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST).body(errorResponse);
}
// 3. 处理系统异常
@ExceptionHandler(Exception.class)
@ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR)
public ResponseEntity<ErrorResponse> handleSystemException(Exception ex) {
logger.error("系统异常", ex);
ErrorResponse errorResponse = new ErrorResponse("系统内部错误", "SYSTEM_ERROR");
return ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR).body(errorResponse);
}
// 4. 处理404异常
@ExceptionHandler(NoHandlerFoundException.class)
@ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND)
public ResponseEntity<ErrorResponse> handleNotFoundException(NoHandlerFoundException ex) {
ErrorResponse errorResponse = new ErrorResponse("请求的资源不存在", "NOT_FOUND");
return ResponseEntity.notFound().build();
}
}
// 错误响应实体
public class ErrorResponse {
private String message;
private String code;
private List<String> details;
private long timestamp;
// 构造器、getter、setter
}
💡 京东真题:Spring Boot启动过程分析
面试场景:
面试官:"详细说说Spring Boot应用的启动过程,从main方法开始到容器启动完成"
启动过程分析:
@SpringBootApplication
public class Application {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(Application.class, args);
}
}
// SpringApplication.run()方法分析
public class SpringApplication {
public static ConfigurableApplicationContext run(Class<?> primarySource, String... args) {
return run(new Class<?>[] { primarySource }, args);
}
public static ConfigurableApplicationContext run(Class<?>[] primarySources, String[] args) {
return new SpringApplication(primarySources).run(args);
}
// 构造器
public SpringApplication(Class<?>... primarySources) {
this(null, primarySources);
}
public SpringApplication(ResourceLoader resourceLoader, Class<?>... primarySources) {
this.resourceLoader = resourceLoader;
this.primarySources = new LinkedHashSet<>(Arrays.asList(primarySources));
// 1. 推断应用类型(SERVLET、REACTIVE、NONE)
this.webApplicationType = WebApplicationType.deduceFromClasspath();
// 2. 加载ApplicationContextInitializer
setInitializers((Collection) getSpringFactoriesInstances(ApplicationContextInitializer.class));
// 3. 加载ApplicationListener
setListeners((Collection) getSpringFactoriesInstances(ApplicationListener.class));
// 4. 推断主类
this.mainApplicationClass = deduceMainApplicationClass();
}
// 运行方法
public ConfigurableApplicationContext run(String... args) {
StopWatch stopWatch = new StopWatch();
stopWatch.start();
ConfigurableApplicationContext context = null;
Collection<SpringBootExceptionReporter> exceptionReporters = new ArrayList<>();
// 5. 设置系统属性
configureHeadlessProperty();
// 6. 获取并启动监听器
SpringApplicationRunListeners listeners = getRunListeners(args);
listeners.starting();
try {
// 7. 准备环境
ApplicationArguments applicationArguments = new DefaultApplicationArguments(args);
ConfigurableEnvironment environment = prepareEnvironment(listeners, applicationArguments);
configureIgnoreBeanInfo(environment);
// 8. 打印Banner
Banner printedBanner = printBanner(environment);
// 9. 创建ApplicationContext
context = createApplicationContext();
// 10. 准备异常报告器
exceptionReporters = getSpringFactoriesInstances(SpringBootExceptionReporter.class,
new Class[] { ConfigurableApplicationContext.class }, context);
// 11. 准备上下文
prepareContext(context, environment, listeners, applicationArguments, printedBanner);
// 12. 刷新上下文(核心)
refreshContext(context);
// 13. 刷新后处理
afterRefresh(context, applicationArguments);
stopWatch.stop();
// 14. 发布启动完成事件
listeners.started(context);
// 15. 调用ApplicationRunner和CommandLineRunner
callRunners(context, applicationArguments);
} catch (Throwable ex) {
handleRunFailure(context, ex, exceptionReporters, listeners);
throw new IllegalStateException(ex);
}
try {
// 16. 发布就绪事件
listeners.running(context);
} catch (Throwable ex) {
handleRunFailure(context, ex, exceptionReporters, null);
throw new IllegalStateException(ex);
}
return context;
}
}
自动配置原理:
// @SpringBootApplication注解分析
@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Inherited
@SpringBootConfiguration // 等价于@Configuration
@EnableAutoConfiguration // 启用自动配置
@ComponentScan // 组件扫描
public @interface SpringBootApplication {
// ...
}
// @EnableAutoConfiguration分析
@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Inherited
@AutoConfigurationPackage
@Import(AutoConfigurationImportSelector.class) // 关键:导入自动配置选择器
public @interface EnableAutoConfiguration {
// ...
}
// AutoConfigurationImportSelector核心逻辑
public class AutoConfigurationImportSelector implements DeferredImportSelector {
@Override
public String[] selectImports(AnnotationMetadata annotationMetadata) {
if (!isEnabled(annotationMetadata)) {
return NO_IMPORTS;
}
// 1. 获取自动配置元数据
AutoConfigurationMetadata autoConfigurationMetadata = AutoConfigurationMetadataLoader
.loadMetadata(this.beanClassLoader);
// 2. 获取自动配置条目
AutoConfigurationEntry autoConfigurationEntry = getAutoConfigurationEntry(
autoConfigurationMetadata, annotationMetadata);
return StringUtils.toStringArray(autoConfigurationEntry.getConfigurations());
}
protected AutoConfigurationEntry getAutoConfigurationEntry(AutoConfigurationMetadata autoConfigurationMetadata,
AnnotationMetadata annotationMetadata) {
// 3. 加载spring.factories中的自动配置类
List<String> configurations = getCandidateConfigurations(annotationMetadata, attributes);
// 4. 去重
configurations = removeDuplicates(configurations);
// 5. 排除不需要的配置
Set<String> exclusions = getExclusions(annotationMetadata, attributes);
configurations.removeAll(exclusions);
// 6. 过滤(根据条件注解)
configurations = filter(configurations, autoConfigurationMetadata);
return new AutoConfigurationEntry(configurations, exclusions);
}
}
总结
Spring框架是Java生态的核心,掌握其原理对于Java开发者至关重要。面试中Spring相关问题的考察重点:
核心要点:
- IOC容器:Bean生命周期、循环依赖解决、注入方式
- AOP实现:动态代理原理、切面编程、事务管理
- MVC框架:请求处理流程、参数绑定、异常处理
- Boot特性:自动配置、启动过程、新版本特性
面试建议:
- 深入理解底层原理,不要只停留在使用层面
- 结合实际项目经验,展现解决问题的能力
- 关注新版本特性,体现持续学习能力
- 能够对比不同实现方案的优缺点
本章核心要点:
- ✅ Spring Boot 3.0+新特性(GraalVM、WebFlux)
- ✅ IOC容器原理(Bean生命周期、循环依赖)
- ✅ AOP实现机制(动态代理、事务传播)
- ✅ MVC请求处理流程和异常处理
- ✅ Spring Boot启动过程和自动配置原理
下一章预告: MyBatis与数据访问 - 缓存机制、动态SQL、插件原理
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