原来手写红黑树可以这么简单
个人博客：http://zhenganwen.top
红黑树由4阶B树演化而来，了解AVL树的左旋、右旋和4阶B树的上溢、下溢对我们学习红黑树有着事半功倍的效果
注：文中部分图片引用MJ Lee老师的课件，若有侵权行为，请联系QQ872852458删除；本文参考教程：MJ Lee老师的《恋上数据结构》；源码地址：https://github.com/zanwen/algorithm
多路平衡搜索树——B树
每个节点，所有子树高度相同
m阶B树表示节点的子节点个数最多为m，2-3树就是3阶B树，2-3-4树就是4阶B树，以此类推
节点的元素个数限制：
- 根节点：1 <= x <= m - 1
- 非根节点：（⌈m/2⌉ - 1） <= x <= （m - 1）；
节点的子节点个数限制：
- 2 <= x <= m
- ⌈m/2⌉ <= x <= m
添加元素：新添加的元素必定会添加到叶子节点中
上溢：当向某个节点添加元素导致该节点元素个数超出限制。此时需将该节点中间元素（从左到右第 m>>1 个）沿父指针向上移动，并将左右两边的元素作为该元素的左右子节点
这是唯一一种能让B树长高的情况，即添加元素时，上溢传播到了根节点
删除元素
- 当删除叶子节点中的元素时，直接移除即可
- 当删除非叶子节点中的元素时，先将其前驱/后继元素覆盖该元素，然后再删除其前驱/后继元素
- 某元素的前驱或后继元素必定在叶子节点中
- 真正的删除必定发生在叶子节点中
下溢：
下溢：删除某元素后，该元素所在节点元素个数变为（ ⌊m/2⌋ -2）
如果下溢节点有元素个数为（⌊m/2⌋）或以上的同层相邻节点，可从该节点“借”一个元素
将下溢节点A和满足条件的相邻节点B中间的父节点元素复制一份添加到A中
将B中的最大元素（如果B在A的左边）或最小元素（如果B在A的右边）覆盖父节点元素
删除B中的最大/最小元素
如果下溢节点的同层相邻节点元素小于或等于（⌊m/2⌋-1），这时没办法借了，则合并下溢节点和任意一个相邻节点，并将两者之间的父节点元素也扯下来
- 合并之后的节点元素个数为（ ⌊m/2⌋ + ⌊m/2⌋ -2），不超过（m-1）
- 此操作可能会导致父节点下溢，下溢现象可能沿父节点向上传播
如果下溢调整时，扯下一个父节点元素之后导致父节点没有元素了，此时树的高度减一
依序向4阶B树（2-3-4树）中添加1~22这22个元素步骤图：
依序删除22~1
红黑树
红黑树的性质
上图中的树并不是一棵红黑色，因为绿色路径上只有两个黑色节点，而其他红色路径有3个黑色节点，不符合性质5
红黑树 VS 2-3-4树
当B树叶子节点元素分别为：红黑红、黑红、红黑、黑。（将红黑树当做2-3-4树来看，只有黑色节点才能独立成为一个B树节点，且其左右红色子节点可以融入该B树节点中）
添加元素
染成红色添加到叶子节点中
新元素的定位逻辑与BST一致，需要注意的是添加之后的调整逻辑。
分情况讨论
1、添加第一个元素
将节点染成黑色
2、添加的节点作为黑色节点的子节点
染成红色添加即可，无需调整
3、添加的节点作为红色节点的子节点，但无需上溢
LL/RR，单旋
RL/LR，双旋
4、添加的节点作为红色的子节点，且需上溢
LL上溢
RR上溢
LR上溢
RL上溢
代码实现
二叉搜索树
package top.zhenganwen.learn.algorithm.datastructure.tree;
import top.zhenganwen.learn.algorithm.commons.printer.BinaryTreeInfo;
import top.zhenganwen.learn.algorithm.commons.printer.BinaryTrees;
import java.util.*;
import static java.util.Objects.isNull;
/**
* @author zhenganwen
* @date 2019/11/6 17:48
*/
public class BinarySearchTree<E> implements BinaryTreeInfo {
protected Node<E> root;
private int size;
protected Comparator<E> comparator;
public BinarySearchTree() {
}
public BinarySearchTree(Comparator<E> comparator) {
this.comparator = comparator;
}
public void add(E element) {
nonNullCheck(element);
if (root == null) {
root = createNode(element, null);
size++;
afterAdd(root);
return;
}
Node<E> parent = root, cur = root;
int compare = 0;
while (cur != null) {
parent = cur;
compare = compare(element, cur.element);
cur = compare > 0 ? cur.right : compare < 0 ? cur.left : cur;
if (cur == parent) {
cur.element = element;
return;
}
}
Node<E> node = createNode(element, parent);
if (compare > 0) {
parent.right = node;
} else {
parent.left = node;
}
size++;
afterAdd(node);
}
protected void afterAdd(Node<E> node) {
}
protected Node<E> createNode(E element, Node<E> parent) {
return new Node<>(element, parent);
}
public void remove(E element) {
remove(node(element));
}
private void remove(Node<E> node) {
if (node == null)
return;
size--;
if (hasTwoChild(node)) {
// the node's degree is 2, use node's predecessor/successor's element
// cover the node, and then delete the predecessor/successor
Node<E> successor = Objects.requireNonNull(successor(node));
node.element = successor.element;
node = successor;
}
// reach here, the degree of the node is possible only 0 or 1
// that is to say, the node only has one child
Node replacement = node.left == null ? node.right : node.left;
if (replacement != null) {
// the node's degree is 1
replacement.parent = node.parent;
if (isRoot(node)) {
root = replacement;
} else if (compare(node.element, node.parent.element) >= 0) {
node.parent.right = replacement;
} else {
node.parent.left = replacement;
}
} else {
// the node is leaf node
if (isRoot(node)) {
root = null;
} else if (compare(node.element, node.parent.element) >= 0) {
node.parent.right = null;
} else {
node.parent.left = null;
}
}
afterRemove(node);
}
protected void afterRemove(Node<E> node) {
// let auto-balance bst overwrite the method to balance the tree
}
private boolean isRoot(Node<E> node) {
return node.parent == null;
}
public boolean contains(E element) {
return node(element) != null;
}
public void clear() {
root = null;
size = 0;
}
public Node node(E element) {
Node<E> node = root;
while (node != null) {
int compare = compare(element, node.element);
if (compare == 0)
return node;
else if (compare > 0) {
node = node.right;
} else {
node = node.left;
}
}
return null;
}
private Node predecessor(Node<E> node) {
if (node.left != null) {
node = node.left;
while (node.right != null) {
node = node.right;
}
return node;
} else {
Node parent = node.parent;
while (parent != null) {
if (node == parent.right) {
return parent;
} else {
node = parent;
parent = node.parent;
}
}
return null;
}
}
private Node successor(Node<E> node) {
if (node.right != null) {
node = node.right;
while (node.left != null) {
node = node.left;
}
return node;
} else {
Node parent = node.parent;
while (parent != null) {
if (node == parent.left) {
return parent;
} else {
node = parent;
parent = node.parent;
}
}
return null;
}
}
private int compare(E insert, E current) {
if (comparator != null) {
return Objects.compare(insert, current, comparator);
}
return ((Comparable<E>) insert).compareTo(current);
}
private void nonNullCheck(E element) {
if (isNull(element)) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("element must not be null");
}
}
@Override
public Object root() {
return root;
}
@Override
public Object left(Object node) {
return ((Node<E>) node).left;
}
@Override
public Object right(Object node) {
return ((Node<E>) node).right;
}
@Override
public Object string(Object node) {
return node;
}
protected static class Node<E> {
E element;
Node<E> left;
Node<E> right;
Node<E> parent;
Node(E element, Node<E> parent) {
this(element);
this.parent = parent;
}
Node(E element) {
this.element = element;
}
boolean isLeftChildOf(Node node) {
return this == node.left;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Node{" +
"element=" + element +
'}';
}
}
private static boolean oneIsChildOfAnother(Node one, Node another) {
return one != null && (one == another.left || one == another.right);
}
private static boolean isLeaf(Node node) {
return node.left == null && node.right == null;
}
} 自平衡的二叉搜索树
package top.zhenganwen.learn.algorithm.datastructure.tree;
import java.util.Comparator;
/**
* @author zhenganwen
* @date 2019/11/28/028 15:53
*/
public class BBST<E> extends BinarySearchTree<E> {
public BBST() {
}
public BBST(Comparator<E> comparator) {
this.comparator = comparator;
}
protected void rotateLeft(Node<E> node) {
Node<E> child = node.right;
// rotate left
node.right = child.left;
child.left = node;
afterRotate(node, child);
}
protected void afterRotate(Node<E> node, Node<E> child) {
// link parent
child.parent = node.parent;
if (node.parent == null)
root = child;
else if (node.isLeftChildOf(node.parent))
node.parent.left = child;
else
node.parent.right = child;
node.parent = child;
if (node == child.right && node.left != null)
node.left.parent = node;
if (node == child.left && node.right != null)
node.right.parent = node;
}
protected void rotateRight(Node<E> node) {
Node<E> child = node.left;
// rotate right
node.left = child.right;
child.right = node;
afterRotate(node, child);
}
/**
*
* LL
*
* inorder traversal: a b c d e f g
* |
* _______f______
* | |
* ____d____ g ____d____
* | | ===> | |
* _b_ e _b_ _f_
* | | | | | |
* a c a c e g
*
*
* RR
*
* inorder traversal: a b c d e f g
* |
* ____b____
* | |
* a ____d____ ____d____
* | | ===> | |
* c _f_ _b_ _f_
* | | | | | |
* e g a c e g
*
* LR
*
* inorder traversal: a b c d e f g
* |
* ______f_____
* | |
* ___b___ g ____d____
* | | ===> | |
* a _d_ _b_ _f_
* | | | | | |
* c e a c e g
*
*
* RL
*
* inorder traversal: a b c d e f g
* |
* ______b______
* | |
* a ___f___ ____d____
* | | ===> | |
* _d_ g _b_ _f_
* | | | | | |
* c e a c e g
*
*
* @param r the root node of the child tree
* @param a
* @param b
* @param c
* @param d
* @param e
* @param f
* @param g
*/
protected void rotate(
Node<E> r,
Node<E> a, Node<E> b, Node<E> c,
Node<E> d,
Node<E> e, Node<E> f, Node<E> g
) {
// d -> new root of the child tree
d.parent = r.parent;
if (r.parent == null)
root = d;
else if (r.isLeftChildOf(r.parent))
r.parent.left = d;
else
r.parent.right = d;
// a-b-c
b.left = a;
b.right = c;
if (a != null)
a.parent = b;
if (c != null)
c.parent = b;
// e-f-g
f.left = e;
f.right = g;
if (e != null)
e.parent = f;
if (g != null)
g.parent = f;
// b-d-f
d.left = b;
d.right = f;
b.parent = d;
f.parent = d;
}
} 红黑树
package top.zhenganwen.learn.algorithm.datastructure.tree;
import top.zhenganwen.learn.algorithm.commons.printer.BinaryTrees;
import java.util.Comparator;
/**
* @author zhenganwen
* @date 2019/11/28/028 15:52
*/
public class RBTree<E> extends BBST<E> {
private static boolean RED = false;
private static boolean BLACK = true;
public RBTree() {
}
public RBTree(Comparator<E> comparator) {
this.comparator = comparator;
}
@Override
protected void afterAdd(Node<E> node) {
// the insert node is root node or node overflows to top
if (node.parent == null) {
darken(node);
return;
}
// the node is leaf node
RBNode<E> parent = (RBNode<E>) node.parent;
// 1. black parent
if (parent.color == BLACK) {
// redden it -> default red color
return;
}
// 2. red parent, and grand must exist
RBNode<E> uncle = sibling(parent);
RBNode<E> grand = (RBNode<E>) parent.parent;
if (isRed(uncle)) {
// 2.1 overflow
darken(parent);
darken(uncle);
redden(grand);
afterAdd(grand);
return;
}
// 2.2 uncle is null or black
if (parent.isLeftChildOf(grand)) {
if (node.isLeftChildOf(parent)) {
// LL
darken(parent);
redden(grand);
rotateRight(grand);
} else {
// LR
darken(node);
redden(grand);
rotateLeft(parent);
rotateRight(grand);
}
} else {
if (node.isLeftChildOf(parent)) {
// RL
darken(node);
redden(grand);
rotateRight(parent);
rotateLeft(grand);
} else {
// RR
redden(grand);
darken(parent);
rotateLeft(grand);
}
}
}
private RBNode<E> color(Node<E> node, boolean color) {
RBNode<E> n = (RBNode<E>) node;
n.color = color;
return n;
}
private RBNode redden(Node<E> node) {
return color(node, RED);
}
private RBNode darken(Node<E> node) {
return color(node, BLACK);
}
private boolean isRed(Node<E> node) {
return node != null && ((RBNode<E>) node).color == RED;
}
private RBNode<E> sibling(Node<E> node) {
if (node.parent == null) {
return null;
}
if (node.isLeftChildOf(node.parent)) {
return (RBNode<E>) node.parent.right;
} else {
return (RBNode<E>) node.parent.left;
}
}
@Override
protected Node<E> createNode(E element, Node<E> parent) {
return new RBNode<>(element, parent);
}
private class RBNode<E> extends Node<E> {
boolean color = RED;
RBNode(E element, Node<E> parent) {
super(element, parent);
}
@Override
public String toString() {
String s = "";
if (color == RED) {
s += "R_";
}
return s + element + "(" + (parent == null ? "null" : parent.element) + ")";
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Integer[] arr = new Integer[]{
89, 90, 40, 21, 81, 58, 79, 85, 98, 12, 15, 91, 96, 69, 18, 66, 47, 43, 82
};
RBTree<Integer> rbt = new RBTree<>();
for (Integer i : arr) {
System.out.println("【" + i + "】");
rbt.add(i);
BinaryTrees.println(rbt);
System.out.println("=================================================");
}
}
} 删除元素
前提
1、删除红色节点
2、删除黑色节点
2.1、删除有一个红色孩子的黑色节点
2.2、删除没有红色孩子的黑色节点
2.2.1、被删除节点的兄弟节点为黑色
2.2.2、被删除节点的兄弟节点为红色
代码实现
BST
package top.zhenganwen.learn.algorithm.datastructure.tree;
import top.zhenganwen.learn.algorithm.commons.printer.BinaryTreeInfo;
import top.zhenganwen.learn.algorithm.commons.printer.BinaryTrees;
import java.util.*;
import static java.util.Objects.isNull;
/**
* @author zhenganwen
* @date 2019/11/6 17:48
*/
public class BinarySearchTree<E> implements BinaryTreeInfo {
protected Node<E> root;
private int size;
protected Comparator<E> comparator;
public BinarySearchTree() {
}
public BinarySearchTree(Comparator<E> comparator) {
this.comparator = comparator;
}
public void add(E element) {
nonNullCheck(element);
if (root == null) {
root = createNode(element, null);
size++;
afterAdd(root);
return;
}
Node<E> parent = root, cur = root;
int compare = 0;
while (cur != null) {
parent = cur;
compare = compare(element, cur.element);
cur = compare > 0 ? cur.right : compare < 0 ? cur.left : cur;
if (cur == parent) {
cur.element = element;
return;
}
}
Node<E> node = createNode(element, parent);
if (compare > 0) {
parent.right = node;
} else {
parent.left = node;
}
size++;
afterAdd(node);
}
protected void afterAdd(Node<E> node) {
}
protected Node<E> createNode(E element, Node<E> parent) {
return new Node<>(element, parent);
}
public void remove(E element) {
remove(node(element));
}
private void remove(Node<E> node) {
if (node == null)
return;
size--;
if (hasTwoChild(node)) {
// the node's degree is 2, use node's predecessor/successor's element
// cover the node, and then delete the predecessor/successor
Node<E> successor = Objects.requireNonNull(successor(node));
node.element = successor.element;
node = successor;
}
// reach here, the degree of the node is only possible 0 or 1
// that is to say, the node has no more than one child
Node replacement = node.left == null ? node.right : node.left;
if (replacement != null) {
// the node's degree is 1
replacement.parent = node.parent;
if (isRoot(node)) {
root = replacement;
} else if (compare(node.element, node.parent.element) >= 0) {
node.parent.right = replacement;
} else {
node.parent.left = replacement;
}
afterRemove(node, replacement);
} else {
// the node is leaf node
if (isRoot(node)) {
root = null;
} else if (compare(node.element, node.parent.element) >= 0) {
node.parent.right = null;
} else {
node.parent.left = null;
}
afterRemove(node, null);
}
}
protected void afterRemove(Node<E> node, Node<E> replacement) {
// let auto-balance bst overwrite the method to rebalance the tree
}
private boolean isRoot(Node<E> node) {
return node.parent == null;
}
public boolean contains(E element) {
return node(element) != null;
}
public void clear() {
root = null;
size = 0;
}
public Node node(E element) {
Node<E> node = root;
while (node != null) {
int compare = compare(element, node.element);
if (compare == 0)
return node;
else if (compare > 0) {
node = node.right;
} else {
node = node.left;
}
}
return null;
}
private Node predecessor(Node<E> node) {
if (node.left != null) {
node = node.left;
while (node.right != null) {
node = node.right;
}
return node;
} else {
Node parent = node.parent;
while (parent != null) {
if (node == parent.right) {
return parent;
} else {
node = parent;
parent = node.parent;
}
}
return null;
}
}
private Node successor(Node<E> node) {
if (node.right != null) {
node = node.right;
while (node.left != null) {
node = node.left;
}
return node;
} else {
Node parent = node.parent;
while (parent != null) {
if (node == parent.left) {
return parent;
} else {
node = parent;
parent = node.parent;
}
}
return null;
}
}
private int compare(E insert, E current) {
if (comparator != null) {
return Objects.compare(insert, current, comparator);
}
return ((Comparable<E>) insert).compareTo(current);
}
private void nonNullCheck(E element) {
if (isNull(element)) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("element must not be null");
}
}
@Override
public Object root() {
return root;
}
@Override
public Object left(Object node) {
return ((Node<E>) node).left;
}
@Override
public Object right(Object node) {
return ((Node<E>) node).right;
}
@Override
public Object string(Object node) {
return node;
}
protected static class Node<E> {
E element;
Node<E> left;
Node<E> right;
Node<E> parent;
Node(E element, Node<E> parent) {
this(element);
this.parent = parent;
}
Node(E element) {
this.element = element;
}
boolean isLeftChildOf(Node node) {
return this == node.left;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Node{" +
"element=" + element +
'}';
}
}
public static void preOrderUnRecur(Node root) {
emptyTreeCheck(root);
Stack<Node> stack = new Stack<>();
StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder();
stack.push(root);
while (!stack.isEmpty()) {
Node node = stack.pop();
stringBuilder.append(node.element).append(" ");
if (node.right != null) {
stack.push(node.right);
}
if (node.left != null) {
stack.push(node.left);
}
}
System.out.println(stringBuilder.toString());
}
private static void emptyTreeCheck(Node root) {
if (root == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("empty tree");
}
}
public static void inOrderUnRecur(Node root) {
emptyTreeCheck(root);
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
Stack<Node> stack = new Stack<>();
while (root != null) {
stack.push(root);
root = root.left;
while (root == null) {
if (stack.isEmpty()) {
break;
} else {
Node node = stack.pop();
sb.append(node.element).append(" ");
root = node.right;
}
}
}
System.out.println(sb.toString());
}
private static void postOrderUnRecur(Node root) {
emptyTreeCheck(root);
StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder();
Stack<Node> stack = new Stack<>();
stack.push(root);
Node lastAccess = null;
while (!stack.isEmpty()) {
Node node = stack.peek();
// 当来到的节点node是叶子节点或上次访问的节点是其子节点时,需要进行访问
if (isLeaf(node) || oneIsChildOfAnother(lastAccess, node)) {
stack.pop();
stringBuilder.append(node.element).append(" ");
lastAccess = node;
} else {
if (node.right != null) {
stack.push(node.right);
}
if (node.left != null) {
stack.push(node.left);
}
}
}
System.out.println(stringBuilder.toString());
}
public static void levelOrder(Node root) {
emptyTreeCheck(root);
StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder();
LinkedList<Node> queue = new LinkedList<>();
queue.offer(root);
while (!queue.isEmpty()) {
Node node = queue.poll();
stringBuilder.append(node.element).append(" ");
if (node.left != null) {
queue.offer(node.left);
}
if (node.right != null) {
queue.offer(node.right);
}
}
System.out.println(stringBuilder.toString());
}
private static boolean oneIsChildOfAnother(Node one, Node another) {
return one != null && (one == another.left || one == another.right);
}
private static boolean isLeaf(Node node) {
return node.left == null && node.right == null;
}
public static int height(Node root) {
if (root == null) {
return 0;
}
return Math.max(height(root.left), height(root.right)) + 1;
}
public static int heightUnRecur(Node root) {
if (root == null) {
return 0;
}
Stack<Node> s1 = new Stack<>(), s2 = new Stack<>();
int height = 0;
s1.push(root);
while (!s1.isEmpty()) {
while (!s1.isEmpty()) {
Node node = s1.pop();
if (node.left != null) {
s2.push(node.left);
}
if (node.right != null) {
s2.push(node.right);
}
}
height++;
Stack tmp = s1;
s1 = s2;
s2 = tmp;
}
return height;
}
public static boolean isCompleteBinaryTreeUnRecur(Node root) {
if (root == null) {
return true;
}
boolean leafMode = false;
LinkedList<Node> queue = new LinkedList<>();
queue.add(root);
while (!queue.isEmpty()) {
Node node = queue.pollFirst();
if (leafMode) {
if (!isLeaf(node)) {
return false;
}
continue;
}
if (hasTwoChild(node)) {
queue.addLast(node.left);
queue.addLast(node.right);
} else if (node.left == null && node.right != null) {
return false;
} else {
leafMode = true;
if (node.left != null) {
queue.addLast(node.left);
}
}
}
return true;
}
private static boolean hasTwoChild(Node node) {
return node != null && node.left != null && node.right != null;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] arr = { 7, 4, 9, 2, 5, 8, 11, 3, 12, 1 };
BinarySearchTree<Integer> bst = new BinarySearchTree<>(Integer::compareTo);
for (int i : arr) {
bst.add(i);
}
BinaryTrees.println(bst);
// remove node that degree is 0
// bst.remove(1);
// bst.remove(3);
// bst.remove(12);
// BinaryTrees.println(bst);
// remove node that degree is 1
// bst.remove(11);
// BinaryTrees.println(bst);
// remove node that degree is 2
// bst.remove(4);
// bst.remove(9);
// BinaryTrees.println(bst);
// remove root
bst.remove(7);
BinaryTrees.println(bst);
// Node root = new Node(1);
// root.left = new Node(2);
// root.right = new Node(3);
// root.left.left = new Node(4);
// root.left.right = new Node(5);
// root.right.left = new Node(6);
// root.right.right = new Node(7);
// root.left.left.left = new Node(8);
// root.left.right.left = new Node(9);
// root.left.right.left.left = new Node(10);
// preOrderUnRecur(root);
// inOrderUnRecur(root);
// postOrderUnRecur(root);
// System.out.println(height(root));
// System.out.println(heightUnRecur(root));
// System.out.println(isCompleteBinaryTreeUnRecur(root));
// levelOrder(root);
}
} BBST
package top.zhenganwen.learn.algorithm.datastructure.tree;
import java.util.Comparator;
/**
* @author zhenganwen
* @date 2019/11/28/028 15:53
*/
public class BBST<E> extends BinarySearchTree<E> {
public BBST() {
}
public BBST(Comparator<E> comparator) {
this.comparator = comparator;
}
protected void rotateLeft(Node<E> node) {
Node<E> child = node.right;
// rotate left
node.right = child.left;
child.left = node;
afterRotate(node, child);
}
protected void afterRotate(Node<E> node, Node<E> child) {
// link parent
child.parent = node.parent;
if (node.parent == null)
root = child;
else if (node.isLeftChildOf(node.parent))
node.parent.left = child;
else
node.parent.right = child;
node.parent = child;
if (node == child.right && node.left != null)
node.left.parent = node;
if (node == child.left && node.right != null)
node.right.parent = node;
}
protected void rotateRight(Node<E> node) {
Node<E> child = node.left;
// rotate right
node.left = child.right;
child.right = node;
afterRotate(node, child);
}
/**
*
* LL
*
* inorder traversal: a b c d e f g
* |
* _______f______
* | |
* ____d____ g ____d____
* | | ===> | |
* _b_ e _b_ _f_
* | | | | | |
* a c a c e g
*
*
* RR
*
* inorder traversal: a b c d e f g
* |
* ____b____
* | |
* a ____d____ ____d____
* | | ===> | |
* c _f_ _b_ _f_
* | | | | | |
* e g a c e g
*
* LR
*
* inorder traversal: a b c d e f g
* |
* ______f_____
* | |
* ___b___ g ____d____
* | | ===> | |
* a _d_ _b_ _f_
* | | | | | |
* c e a c e g
*
*
* RL
*
* inorder traversal: a b c d e f g
* |
* ______b______
* | |
* a ___f___ ____d____
* | | ===> | |
* _d_ g _b_ _f_
* | | | | | |
* c e a c e g
*
*
* @param r the root node of the child tree
* @param a
* @param b
* @param c
* @param d
* @param e
* @param f
* @param g
*/
protected void rotate(
Node<E> r,
Node<E> a, Node<E> b, Node<E> c,
Node<E> d,
Node<E> e, Node<E> f, Node<E> g
) {
// d -> new root of the child tree
d.parent = r.parent;
if (r.parent == null)
root = d;
else if (r.isLeftChildOf(r.parent))
r.parent.left = d;
else
r.parent.right = d;
// a-b-c
b.left = a;
b.right = c;
if (a != null)
a.parent = b;
if (c != null)
c.parent = b;
// e-f-g
f.left = e;
f.right = g;
if (e != null)
e.parent = f;
if (g != null)
g.parent = f;
// b-d-f
d.left = b;
d.right = f;
b.parent = d;
f.parent = d;
}
} AVLTree
package top.zhenganwen.learn.algorithm.datastructure.tree;
import top.zhenganwen.learn.algorithm.commons.printer.BinaryTrees;
import java.util.Comparator;
/**
* @author zhenganwen
* @date 2019/11/25 13:46
*/
public class AVLTree<E> extends BBST<E> {
public AVLTree() {
}
public AVLTree(Comparator<E> comparator) {
this.comparator = comparator;
}
/**
* just need once rebalance
*
* @param node
*/
@Override
protected void afterAdd(Node<E> node) {
while ((node = node.parent) != null) {
if (isBalanced(node)) {
updateHeight(node);
} else {
rebalance(node);
break;
}
}
}
/**
* remove the {@code node}, maybe cause the LL or RR situation generating,
* this depends on the height of right child's left height when remove left child's node
* and the height of left child's right height when remove right child's node.
* what's more, this time rebalance maybe cause the ancestor's unbalance.
* <p>
* maybe need O(logn) times rebalance. see red-black tree {@link RBTree}
*
* @param node
*/
@Override
protected void afterRemove(Node<E> node, Node<E> replacement) {
while ((node = node.parent) != null) {
if (isBalanced(node)) {
updateHeight(node);
} else {
rebalance(node);
}
}
}
/**
* see {@link this#rebalance)}
* 平衡方案一：左旋右旋分开来做
*
* @param node
*/
private void rebalance2(Node<E> node) {
AVLNode grand = (AVLNode) node;
AVLNode parent = getTallerChild(grand);
AVLNode child = getTallerChild(parent);
if (parent == grand.left) {
if (child == parent.left) {
// LL rotate right
rotateRight(grand);
} else {
// LR rotate left first and then rotate right
rotateLeft(parent);
rotateRight(grand);
}
} else {
if (child == parent.right) {
// RR rotate left
rotateLeft(grand);
} else {
// RL rotate right first and then rotate left
rotateRight(parent);
rotateLeft(grand);
}
}
}
/**
* see {@link this#rebalance2}
* 平衡方案二：从四种变换中抽离出通用的逻辑
*
* @param node
*/
private void rebalance(Node<E> node) {
AVLNode grand = (AVLNode) node;
AVLNode parent = getTallerChild(grand);
AVLNode child = getTallerChild(parent);
if (parent == grand.left) {
if (child == parent.left) {
/*
LL
_______f______
| |
____d____ g
| |
_b_ e
| |
a c
f -> grand, d -> parent, b -> child
*/
rotate(grand,
cast(child.left), child, cast(child.right),
parent,
cast(parent.right), grand, cast(grand.right));
} else {
/*
LR
______f_____
| |
___b___ g
| |
a _d_
| |
c e
f -> grand, b -> parent, d -> child
*/
rotate(grand,
cast(parent.left), parent, cast(child.left),
child,
cast(child.right), grand, cast(grand.right));
}
} else {
if (child == parent.right) {
/*
RR
____b____
| |
a ____d____
| |
c _f_
| |
e g
b -> grand, d -> parent, f -> child
*/
rotate(grand,
cast(grand.left), grand, cast(parent.left),
parent,
cast(child.left), child, cast(child.right));
} else {
/*
RL
______b______
| |
a ___f___
| |
_d_ g
| |
c e
b -> grand, f -> parent, d -> child
*/
rotate(grand,
cast(grand.left), grand, cast(child.left),
child,
cast(child.right), parent, cast(parent.right));
}
}
}
@Override
protected void afterRotate(Node<E> node, Node<E> child) {
super.afterRotate(node, child);
((AVLNode) node).updateHeight();
((AVLNode) child).updateHeight();
}
@Override
protected void rotate(Node<E> r, Node<E> a, Node<E> b, Node<E> c, Node<E> d, Node<E> e, Node<E> f, Node<E> g) {
super.rotate(r, a, b, c, d, e, f, g);
((AVLNode) b).updateHeight();
((AVLNode) f).updateHeight();
((AVLNode) d).updateHeight();
}
private AVLNode cast(Node node) {
return (AVLNode) node;
}
private AVLNode getTallerChild(AVLNode node) {
int r = node.getRightHeight();
int l = node.getLeftHeight();
return (AVLNode) (r > l ? node.right : node.left);
}
private void updateHeight(Node<E> node) {
((AVLNode) node).updateHeight();
}
protected boolean isBalanced(Node<E> node) {
return ((AVLNode) node).isBalanced();
}
@Override
protected Node<E> createNode(E element, Node<E> parent) {
return new AVLNode(element, parent);
}
protected static class AVLNode extends Node {
int height = 1;
AVLNode(Object element, Node parent) {
super(element, parent);
}
void updateHeight() {
int r = getRightHeight();
int l = getLeftHeight();
height = 1 + Math.max(r, l);
}
int getLeftHeight() {
return left == null ? 0 : ((AVLNode) left).height;
}
int getRightHeight() {
return right == null ? 0 : ((AVLNode) right).height;
}
int balanceFactor() {
int r = getRightHeight();
int l = getLeftHeight();
return Math.abs(r - l);
}
boolean isBalanced() {
return balanceFactor() <= 1;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return element.toString() + "(" + (parent == null ? "null" : parent.element) + ")";
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
AVLTree tree = new AVLTree();
for (int i = 0; i < 50; i++) {
tree.add(i);
}
BinaryTrees.println(tree);
}
} RBTree
package top.zhenganwen.learn.algorithm.datastructure.tree;
import top.zhenganwen.learn.algorithm.commons.printer.BinaryTrees;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.Optional;
/**
* @author zhenganwen
* @date 2019/11/28/028 15:52
*/
public class RBTree<E> extends BBST<E> {
private static boolean RED = false;
private static boolean BLACK = true;
public RBTree() {
}
public RBTree(Comparator<E> comparator) {
this.comparator = comparator;
}
/**
* adjustment after bst's insertion.
* </hr>
* the node must be leaf node, and we can regard it as insert a element into a 2-3-4 b-tree.</br>
* the 2-3-4 b-tree's leaf node must but only have one black node. </br>
* so the b-tree's leaf node can have four situations below:
* <ul>
* <li>one black node with two red children. R<-B->R </li>
* <li>one black node with one red left child. R<-B- </li>
* <li>one black node with one red right child. -B->R </li>
* <li>one black node. -B- </li>
* </ul>
*
* 1. the insert node is added into the left of right of the black node.
*
* B- => R<-B- / -B->R
* <-B- => R<-B->R
* B->R => R<-B->R
*
* insert into directly with bst's insertion logic
*
* 2. the insert node is added into the left of right of the red node. after insertion, the overflow not occurs
*
* R<-B- => R<-B R<-B
* \ /
* R R
*
* -B->R => -B->R -B->R
* / \
* R R
*
* after insertion of bst, we need rotate to let the mid node become the black node
*
* 3. the insert node is added into the left of right of the red node. and then, the overflow occurs
*
* R<-B->R => R<-B->R R<-B->R R<-B->R R<-B->R
* / \ \ /
* R R R R
*
* let the left and right become two independent b-tree node(color it to black), and then
* color itself to red to become a insertion node added its parent b-tree node
* @param node
*/
@Override
protected void afterAdd(Node<E> node) {
// the insert node is root node or node overflows to top
if (node.parent == null) {
darken(node);
return;
}
// the node is leaf node
RBNode<E> parent = (RBNode<E>) node.parent;
// 1. black parent
if (parent.color == BLACK) {
// redden it -> default red color
return;
}
// 2. red parent, and grand must exist
RBNode<E> uncle = sibling(parent);
RBNode<E> grand = (RBNode<E>) parent.parent;
if (isRed(uncle)) {
// 2.1 overflow
darken(parent);
darken(uncle);
redden(grand);
afterAdd(grand);
return;
}
// 2.2 uncle is null or black
if (parent.isLeftChildOf(grand)) {
if (node.isLeftChildOf(parent)) {
// LL
darken(parent);
redden(grand);
} else {
// LR
darken(node);
redden(grand);
rotateLeft(parent);
}
rotateRight(grand);
} else {
if (node.isLeftChildOf(parent)) {
// RL
darken(node);
redden(grand);
rotateRight(parent);
} else {
// RR
redden(grand);
darken(parent);
}
rotateLeft(grand);
}
}
/**
* 首先，真正被删除的bst节点肯定存在于该红黑树等价的4阶B树的叶子节点中：
*
* a. R_1 <- B_2 -> R_3
*
* b. R_1 <- B_2
*
* c. B_2 -> R_3
*
* d. B_2
*
* 1. 如果被删除的节点是红节点，如上例 a,b,c 的 R_1 和 R_3，那么在bst的删除逻辑之后不需要额外的修复操作
*
* 2. 如果被删除的节点是黑色节点，如上例 b,c 中的 B_2
*
* 2.1 首先不要囊括 a 中的 B_2，这种情况我们会删除其后继节点 R_3
*
* 2.2 如果删除 b，c 中的 B_2， bst的删除逻辑是 用其孩子节点 R_1/R_3 替换它，这时我们为了保证等价性
* （B树节点中必须有且仅有一个黑色节点），需要将该红色孩子节点染成黑色
*
* 3. 如果被删除的节点没有红色孩子节点（即替换节点为null）
*
* 3.1 如果被删除节点的兄弟节点是黑色节点
*
* 3.1.1 如果【兄弟节点有红色孩子节点可以借】，则通过旋转操作修复红黑树
*
* 如果兄弟和其红色孩子节点的相对方位是 LL 或 RR，则对父节点进行 右旋 或 左旋，
* 并将旋转后的中间节点【继承父节点的颜色】、【中间节点的两个孩子染成黑色】
*
* e.g: delete B_4
*
* R_3 R_2
* / \ => / \
* R_1 <- B_2 B_4 R_1 B_3
*
* 如果兄弟和其红色孩子节点的相对方位是 LR 或 RL，则先将其转变为 LL 或 RR 的情况后
* 再复用上述的处理逻辑
*
* e.g: delete B_5
*
* R_4 R_4 R_3
* / \ => / \ => / \
* B_2->R_3 B_5 B_2->R_3 B_5 B_2 B_4
*
* 3.1.2 如果兄弟节点没有红色孩子可以借，则考虑4阶B树的【下溢】，等价修复红黑树
*
* 【将父节点拉下来】与当前节点和兄弟节点合并成一个新的4阶B树节点（实际做法是将父节点染黑，兄弟节点染红）
* 考虑【下溢】有向上传播性，我们将父节点作为删除后节点递归执行修复逻辑
*
* e.g: delete B_8
*
* B_5 B_5
* / \ / \
* B_3 B_7 => B_3 \ => B_3 <- B_5
* / \ / \ / \ \ / \ \
* B_2 B_4 B_6 B_8 B_2 B_4 R_6<-B_7 B_2 B_4 R_6<-B_7
*
* B_8的兄弟节点B_6没有红色孩子节点 B_7的兄弟节点B_3没有红色孩子节点 下溢到了根节点，终止
*
* 3.2 如果被删除节点的兄弟节点是红色节点
*
* 根据红黑色的性质，等价的4阶B树中，被删除节点和兄弟节点并不处于同一层中
* （兄弟节点和父节点位于一个B树节点中，被删除节点位于该B树节点的下一层的B树节点中）
*
* 那么兄弟节点肯定有两个黑色孩子节点，与被删除节点位于同一层，可以通过旋转转换成 3.1
*
*
* e.g: delete B_7
*
* R_4 <- B_6 B_4 -> R_6
* / \ \ => / / \
* B_3 B_5 B_7 B_3 B_5 B_7
*
* 通过对R_6右旋，B_7的兄弟节点由红色的R_4转换成了黑色的B_5，此后可复用 3.1 的逻辑
*
*
*
* @param node
* @param replacement
*/
@Override
protected void afterRemove(Node<E> node, Node<E> replacement) {
// 1. 如果被删除节点是红色节点
if (isRed(node)) {
return;
}
// 2. 如果替代被删除节点的是红色节点
if (isRed(replacement)) {
darken(replacement);
return;
}
if (node.parent == null) { // 3.1.2 中的下溢传播到根节点终止
return;
}
Node<E> parent = node.parent;
boolean left = parent.left == null || parent.left == node; // 当前被删除节点是否是左子节点 或 上溢传播至的节点是否是左子节点
RBNode<E> sibling = (RBNode<E>) (left ? parent.right : parent.left);
// 3.2 如果兄弟节点是红色节点，则旋转父节点，转变为 3.1
if (isRed(sibling)) {
if (left) rotateRight(parent);
else rotateLeft(parent);
afterRemove(node, null);
// 3.1 兄弟节点是黑色节点
} else if (hasRedChild(sibling)) {
// 3.1.1 兄弟节点有红色孩子可以借，将旋转后的中间节点继承父节点颜色，两边节点染黑
darken(parent); // 父节点不会成为中间节点，直接提前染黑
if (sibling.isLeftChildOf(parent)) {
if (isRed(sibling.left)) {
// LL 兄弟节点将成为中间节点
if (isRed(parent)) {
redden(sibling);
}
darken(sibling.left);
} else {
// LR 兄弟节点的孩子将成为中间节点
if (isRed(parent)) {
redden(sibling.right);
}
darken(sibling);
rotateLeft(sibling); // 调整 LR 为 LL
}
// 到这里肯定是 LL
rotateRight(parent);
} else {
// 与上述对称
if (isRed(sibling.left)) {
// RL
if (isRed(parent)) {
redden(sibling.left);
}
darken(sibling);
rotateRight(sibling);
} else {
// RR
if (isRed(parent)) {
redden(sibling);
}
darken(sibling.right);
}
rotateLeft(parent);
}
} else {
// 3.1.2 兄弟节点没有红色孩子可以借，父节点染黑、兄弟节点染红，下溢传播（如果拉下来的父节点是黑***oolean parentColor = ((RBNode<E>) parent).color;
darken(parent);
redden(sibling);
if (parentColor == BLACK) {
afterRemove(parent, null);
}
}
}
private boolean hasRedChild(RBNode<E> rbNode) {
return rbNode != null && (isRed(rbNode.left) || isRed(rbNode.right));
}
private RBNode<E> color(Node<E> node, boolean color) {
RBNode<E> n = (RBNode<E>) node;
n.color = color;
return n;
}
private RBNode redden(Node<E> node) {
return color(node, RED);
}
private RBNode darken(Node<E> node) {
return color(node, BLACK);
}
/**
* if the {@code node} is null or its color is black, it will return false
* @param node
* @return
*/
private boolean isRed(Node<E> node) {
return node != null && ((RBNode<E>) node).color == RED;
}
private boolean isBlack(Node<E> node) {
// node is leaf's children or non-null black node
return node == null || ((RBNode<E>) node).color == BLACK;
}
private RBNode<E> sibling(Node<E> node) {
if (node.parent == null) {
return null;
}
if (node.isLeftChildOf(node.parent)) {
return (RBNode<E>) node.parent.right;
} else {
return (RBNode<E>) node.parent.left;
}
}
@Override
protected Node<E> createNode(E element, Node<E> parent) {
return new RBNode<>(element, parent);
}
private class RBNode<E> extends Node<E> {
boolean color = RED;
RBNode(E element, Node<E> parent) {
super(element, parent);
}
@Override
public String toString() {
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
Optional.ofNullable(left).ifPresent(p -> sb.append(p.element).append("-"));
if (color == RED) {
sb.append("R_");
}
sb.append(element);
Optional.ofNullable(right).ifPresent(p -> sb.append("-").append(p.element));
Optional.ofNullable(parent).ifPresent(p -> sb.append("(").append(p.element).append(")"));
return sb.toString();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Integer[] arr = new Integer[]{
89, 90, 40, 21, 81, 58, 79, 85, 98, 12, 15, 91, 96, 69, 18, 66, 47, 43, 82
};
RBTree<Integer> rbt = new RBTree<>();
for (Integer i : arr) {
rbt.add(i);
// System.out.println("add 【" + i + "】");
// BinaryTrees.println(rbt);
// System.out.println("=================================================");
}
BinaryTrees.println(rbt);
System.out.println("=================================================");
for (Integer i : arr) {
rbt.remove(i);
System.out.println("remove 【" + i + "】");
BinaryTrees.println(rbt);
System.out.println("=================================================");
}
}
} 为何平衡
红黑树的5条性质能够保证其等价于一棵4阶B树
性能对比
AVL树
平衡标准比较严格：每个左右子树的高度差不超过1
最大高度是 1.44 ∗ log 2 n + 2 − 1.328 （100W个节点，AVL树最大树高28）
搜索、添加、删除都是 O(logn) 复杂度，其中添加仅需 O(1) 次旋转调整、删除最多需要 O(logn) 次旋转调整
红黑树
平衡标准比较宽松：没有一条路径会大于其他路径的2倍
最大高度是 2 ∗ log 2 (n + 1) （ 100W个节点，红黑树最大树高40）
搜索、添加、删除都是 O(logn) 复杂度，其中添加、删除都仅需 O(1) 次旋转调整
据统计，红黑树删除节点发生上溢传播的次数不会超过3次，因此可认为旋转调整复杂度为O(1)
技术选型
搜索的次数远远大于插入和删除，选择AVL树；搜索、插入、删除次数几乎差不多，选择红黑树
相对于AVL树来说，红黑树牺牲了部分平衡性以换取插入/删除操作时少量的旋转操作，整体来说性能要优于AVL树
红黑树的平均统计性能优于AVL树，实际应用中更多选择使用红黑树
太简单了，我一个运营都学会了（迫真）
